Morphological Characteristics and Kinship Relationship of Mushroom Schizophyllum commune Fr

Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom from the division of Basidiomycota which abundance at rainy season on wood that have been moldered for its habitat. S. commune has been distributed widely at various types of wood habitat (jack fruit, bamboo, rubber, mango etc). Existence of this mushroom has not been known as well as any mushroom are able to be consumed/edible yet. In Java, the societies who have known it as consumption mushroom called it with local name jamur gigit. Jamur gigit is potential to become food material and based on organoleptic test indicates that jamur gigit is more delicious from oyster mushroom. The purpose of research is to investigate the morphology character of S. commune at various growth phases and to study the S. commune relationship in Java. The result of this research is expected can give information about morphology character of S. commune in each its growth phase and to understand S. commune relationship in Java. Sample for research has been collected in 3 areas in Java. The macroscopic morphology character and microscopic character of S. commune were observed. The character that had been obtained is used to compile description and be analyzed by cluster using SPSS 13.0 to study the kinship relationship. The result of research indicates that morphology character of S. commune in Java of fruit body when old and young phase was different, while the microscopic character almost same to the obtained sample. The result of analysis cluster indicated that at similar level of 38,1 % there were two clusters, first cluster was Sidoarjo a S. commune and S. commune Yogyakarta. The second cluster has member the Sidoarjo b S. commune, Malang S. commune, Tangerang S. commune, Semarang S. commune and Kuningan S. commune. © 2015 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved


Abstracts
Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom from the division of Basidiomycota which abundance at rainy season on wood that have been moldered for its habitat.S. commune has been distributed widely at various types of wood habitat (jack fruit, bamboo, rubber, mango etc).Existence of this mushroom has not been known as well as any mushroom are able to be consumed/edible yet.In Java, the societies who have known it as consumption mushroom called it with local name jamur gigit.Jamur gigit is potential to become food material and based on organoleptic test indicates that jamur gigit is more delicious from oyster mushroom.The purpose of research is to investigate the morphology character of S. commune at various growth phases and to study the S. commune relationship in Java.The result of this research is expected can give information about morphology character of S. commune in each its growth phase and to understand S. commune relationship in Java.Sample for research has been collected in 3 areas in Java.The macroscopic morphology character and microscopic character of S. commune were observed.The character that had been obtained is used to compile description and be analyzed by cluster using SPSS 13.0 to study the kinship relationship.The result of research indicates that morphology character of S. commune in Java of fruit body when old and young phase was different, while the microscopic character almost same to the obtained sample.The result of analysis cluster indicated that at similar level of 38,1 % there were two clusters, first cluster was Sidoarjo a S. commune and S. commune Yogyakarta.The second cluster has member the Sidoarjo b S. commune, Malang S. commune, Tangerang S. commune, Semarang S. commune and Kuningan S. commune.© 2015 JNSMR UIN Walisongo.All rights reserved

Introduction
Schizophyllum commune Fr. is a macroscopic mushroom from the division of Basidiomycota which abundance at rainy season.This mushroom is lived with saprobik on died wood such as mango, jack fruit, bamboo, rubber, etc [1].Cook in James et.al.[2] said that this species is found as decompose for more over 150 of flower plant species.
Kuo [3] said that S.commune have wide distribution area, it is almost in all the continent except in Antarctica because in this continent have not wood substrate.S. Commune has local name as jamur gigit (java) and Tirau (Sumatra).Jamur gigit has not been known by society as mushroom that can be consumed whereas the existence is abundant in rainy season.According to research that conducted by Prasetyaningtyas et.al [4] Jamur gigit is potentially as consumed substance because it contained of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and saltpetre and also cyanide acid that toxic characterized.Based on arganoleptic test to the jamur gigit is more delicious than oyster mushroom.Beside as edible mushroom, S. commune is producer of schizophyllan.Schizophyllan is polisacarida ekstraseluler (metabolite primer) that produced by S. commune in liquid medium with high concentrate of carbohydrate.Schizophyllan with intensive can be used for cervix cancer medical treatment [5].
Research about S. commune in Indonesia is still limited.The research that conducted is to the point on their ability in decayed the wood.S. commune is a wood decayed mushroom that their ability is decayed the rasamala wood amounted 15,32% [6].research about morphology characteristic, morphology variation, and kinship relationship of S. commune in Indonesia especially in Java is have not been done so that there is need a research about it.
The research purpose is to know about the morphology characteristic of S. commune in Java at various growth phases and to understand the kinship relationship of S. commune in Java.The result of this research is expected can give information about morphology characteristic of S. commune in each its growth phases and to understand the kinship relationship of S. commune in Java.

Research Method
Sample of S. commune mushroom is taken from three area in Java, and gain seven samples: SCT (S. commune Tangerang), SCSMG (S. commune Semarang), SCSa (S. commune Sidoarjo a ), SCSb (S. commune Sidoarjo b ), SCYG (S. commune Yogyakarta), SCM (S. commune Malang), SCK (S. commune Kuningan).Then, sample of S. commune mushroom is made spore print by the way of the fruit body is face downward in black manila paper (lamela part is down), in down part is given a water to become moist and let it be in three days.And then it is isolated the until growth as hifa primer in PDA medium (Photato Dextrose Agar).The morphology observation of mushroom blood smear that done in pin head phase, young phase, and mature phase, consist of macroscopic and microscopic morphology characteristic.
Determination of kinship relationship is done with cluster analysis with helped by SPSS 13.0 system.The scoring morphology character is used to data collection.Scoring is done with multistage character (0,1,2,3,…), after that is doing quantification of index similaritas (IS) with coefficient of simple matching that produced closeness matrix.To grouping used agglomerative method (grouping approach) and cluster method of average linkage (grouping based average).The result of grouping is dendogram.

Morphology Characteristic
The result of morphology characteristic towards seven sample is presented in Table 1 and different of tudung shape is presented in picture 1. Mushroom of S. commune in Java have three various fruit body shape that defined by tudung shape, that is: flabelliform, orbicular and semi-circulair.Fruit body of SCT and SCK is form of flabelliform in young phase and form of semi-circular in old phase.Fruit body of SCSa and SCYG is form of orbicular.The fruit body of SCSMG, SCSb, SCM is form of flabelliform.The different shape of fruit body is caused by the contradiction of strain S. commune that influence by genetic factor.The shape alteration of fruit body from young phase to the old phase is caused by the certain strain for West Java area that different from other area, its because S. commune have 28.000 sex system so that it might be formed new strain in certain area [7].
The difference of tudung shape is influence the shape side of tudung, if its seen in across.The side form of flabelliform in across is form of decurved, while the orbicular and semicircular shape in cross is form of plane.If it is seen from the surface of tudung shape side, there is no different between flabelliform, orbicular and semi-circular it is form of crenate.
The top surface of tudung in pin head phase is entirely white color while in young and old phase is variation in young light yellow until old light yellow.It is appropriate with Kuo [3] that said the color of tudung have variation from white until light yellow, Larhent [8] also said that there is take place the changing of tudung color in different age.The under surface color of tudung in pin head phase have variation from white until light yellow while in young and old phase have variation from light yellow until dark light yellow.It is related to formed of spore in young and old phase so that the color is change to become more old [8].
The size of tudung in pin head phase have variation from 1 mm-5mm, young phase have variation from 4,5mm-10mm, old phase have variation from 7mm-70mm.The lamella character is almost same for all sample, except in distance and color of lamella.The distance of lamella is different in pileus size, more small of tudung size is more tight of lamella distance while the different color of lamella is related to the form of basidiospora by basidium.The different stalk character in the size and color of the stalk.The color of the stalk is same as the top surface tudung while the size of the stalk is variation.In the form of orbicular and semicircular, the size of stalk is small that flabelli form shape.
In general, they have similar microscopic character, the different is in the sopre size, hifa size, hifa partition, hifa branch and the existence of clamp connection in primer and seconder hifa.The spore size have variation from 3,5 µm -4,2 µm x 1,4 µm-2,2 µm.It is according to the Kuo (2003) said that spore of S. commune have a measurement of 3-4 µm x 1-1,5 µm.Hifa partition of S. commune is very thin so that it can be seen only in primer and seconder hifa , while in tertiary hifa can not be seen the partition because the tertiary hifa is very complex arranged by generative hifa, skeletal hifa and ligative hifa (band net) [8].

The fenetic kinship relationship of S. commune mushroom
Morphology character that scoring used to grouping is 18 (Table 1).Scoring is done with multistage character (0,1,2,3,…), after that conducting after that is doing quantification of index similaritas (IS) with coefficient of simple matching that produced closeness matrix (Table 2).In grouping used agglomerative method (grouping approach) and cluster method of average linkage (grouping based average) (Table 3).The result of grouping is dendogram (Fig. 2).All the data analysis process is conducted used SPPP 13.0 system.Based on dendogram above with similarity value 38,1%, there is can be made two group of S. commune mushroom in Java based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology character.The member of first group is S.commune Sidoarjo b (SCSb), S.commune Malang (SCM), S. commune Semarang (SCSMG), S. commune Kuningan (SCK) and S. commune Tangerang (SCT).the member of second group is S. commune Sidoarjo a (SCSa) and S. commune Yogyakarta (SCYG).Lamella distance Pinhead phase -------Young phase 0,5 mm 0,3 mm 0,2 mm 0,05 mm 0,25 mm 0,25 mm 0,1-0,25 mm Old phase 1 mm 0,5-1 mm 0,25 mm 0,1 mm 0,5 mm 0,1-0,2 mm 0,25-0,   The formed of those two group is because of the contradiction of tudung shape.The first group have tudung shape of flabelliform and the second group have tudung shape of orbicular.The calculation with aggomerative method can be known the closeness between S. commune mushroom in Java, that is: S.commune Sidoarjo b and S. Commune Malang amounted 0,757; S.commune Semarang with S.commune Sidoarjo b amounted 0,716; S.commune Sidoarjo a with S.commune Yogyakarta amounted 0,703; S.commune Semarang with S.commune Kuningan amounted 0,649; S.commune Tangerang with S.commune Semarang amounted 0,520; S.commune Tangerang with S.commune Sidoarjo a amounted 0,381.The near closeness relationship (IS value 0,757) between S.commune Sidoarjo b and S. commune Semarang is caused of the similarity of flabelliform tudung shape and the size of tudung in mature phase that is 20 mm-24 mm.The formed of similarity value 0,703 between S.commune Sidoarjo a and S.commune Yogyakarta is caused of the similarity of orbicular tudung shape.

Conclusion
The morphology character of S. commune in Java in growth phase is different on tudung shape between pinhead phase and young or mature phase and the closeness kinship relationship based morphology character is S. commune Sidoarjo b and S. commune Malang with similarity value 75,7% and the distant kinship relationship is S. commune Tangerang and S. commune Sidoarjo a with similarity value 38,1 %.

Pigure 1 . 2 .
Morphology of tudung shape of S. commune sample Pigure Dendogram of 7 OTU of S. commune in Java based on morphology character of macroscopic and microscopic.

Table 1 .
Variety of morphology character of .commune

Table 2 .
Index of similarity with simple matching coefficient

Table 3 .
Agglomerative based on average linkage