THE DIMENSION OF TAWḤĪD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC LAW INSTITUTION : Quranic Exegesis Perspective

Tawḥīd is an essential vocabulary for Muslims. As the essence of belief in Allah, tawḥīd (monotheism) must be manifested in various aspects of Muslims life including the development of Islamic law institutions. The values of tawḥīd are regarded as the guarantors that the institution can represent the exact pattern for human relations in terms of being servants of God and of being fellow humans. That is why Muslims need to mobilize all intellectual potential in order to build legal institutions having benefits contextually and ethically without ignoring the faith. This paper tries to reconstruct how tawḥīd will be mobilized to fulfill these law expectations based on Qur’an.


Introduction
There should be a conscience of the presence of God in every human being.As hinted by Koran, it is the "nature" of man from the original creature (Qur'an,  30: 30).Each person has an instinct to believe in God and to worship Him.Belief in God for human, Nurcholish Madjid said, is something taken for granted.Therefore, an effort to encourage people to believe in God is an exaggeration since without the encouragement man had believed in God. 1 Prophets and Apostles came to earth in order to bring the same mission, keep the "nature" of man, introduce the God Almighty and call for tawḥīd (Qur'an, 7:  59; 73: 85).
In the scheme of doctrinal Islam, tawḥīd is considered to be the most central and essential thing.It is a foundation of Islamic teachings.Someone might recognize the existence of God in their natures, but an idea of God in their mind, attitude and activity, do not always reflect the principle of tawhid, and can even be in contrast with it.However, valid understanding of tawḥīd is something important regarding the formulation of the principles of anything that cover issues of law.The issues should be based upon it.

The Principle of Tawḥīdand Human Commitment
In the al-Muḥīṭ dictionary, tawḥīd etymologically means the Oneness of God. 2 The shortest formulation of tawḥīd is a virtuous sentence (kalimat tayyibah): ‫إ‬ ‫إ‬ (there is no god but Allah).When someone pledges the sentence, he should receive a set of consequences.By stating "there is no God but Allah", man of monotheism, borrowing a phrase from Amin Rais, absolutizes Allah Almighty as the Creator and relativizes besides Him as His creatures.
Tawḥīd, hereby, is a human commitment to God as the focus in overall respect, gratitude, and as the sole source of value.What God wills, Amin said, _______________ AL-AHKAM p-ISSN: 0854-4603; e-ISSN: 2502-3209   Volume 27, Nomor 2, Oktober 2017 ║181 will be a value for a monotheist (muwaḥḥid).Accordingly, the monotheist would not accept any authority and direction except God.The commitment is a totality, positive and sturdy, including love and devotion, obedience and resignation, as well as the will to carry out the God's will. 3In this context, the commitment of monotheist is not only limited to a vertical relationship with God, but also includes a horizontal relationship with human beings and all beings.According to Fazlur Rahman the later relationship requires a law for man both as individuals and as collective or social existence. 4ad Abd al-Bāqī noted that the clause ‫إ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ is called once in the Koran (47: 19) 5 , but the same concept, namely, disclaimer "no God but Allah" is revealed more than eighty times with different wordings.All of which negates the authority and the instructions that come from other than God.Then, the sentence of ṭayyibah is basically liberation from servitude to fellow human beings toward worshiping Allah (taḥrīr al-nās min 'ibādat al-'ibād ilā 'ibādat Allāh). 6us, the attitudes of humans to other humans are determined by logical reason and appreciation of tawḥīd.The consistency of tawḥīd's attitude encourages the person to deal with another fellow person as if he faces himself in the mirror.The person wants to treat others as he would like to be treated.This principle allows the rule of law to find its vitality.If no man is higher or lower than others before God, so there is no human collectivity as nation or tribe that is higher or lower than others.All of them are equal and the difference among them is the level of their devotion to God (Qur'an, 49: 13).
In addition, the attitude of tawḥīd teaches liberation from bad values rooted in carnal lust, dominance and sexual pleasures.A life dedicated to bad things will in turn overshadow logical reasons and distort clear minds as well as encourage the degradation of "humanity" (Qur'an, 25: 43-44 Quraish Shihab stated that a person who adheres tawḥīd principles in its correct sense, he will express a variety of activities that all of which are manifestations of worship to God in any sense of worship, i.e., God oriented (ibadah maḥḍah) or human and God-oriented.9However, tawḥīd is a complete principle for a human.In short, tawḥīd requires a total implementation of what is reflected in His words, "Say, 'my prayer and my worship, and my life and my death, are devoted to God, the Lord of the Worlds'" (Qur'an, 6: 162).

God, Man and the Law: an Attempt to Encounter Pattern of the Relations
Tawḥīd, as mentioned above, produces a commitment to establish a pattern of human relations in accordance with God's will, which is directed both to God and to the entire universe.Through interpreting Koran verses, Abd.Muin Salim concluded that the position of man can be seen from three perspectives in this relation. 10First, man is regarded as a caliph which is defined in Qur'an (it is He who made you successors on earth) (Qur'an, 35: 39).This position is closely linked with the function of law enforcement in public life on the right way.Al-Qurṭubi and al-Shawkānī testified that God raised David as a caliph for the law enforcement mission to man and the avoidance of lust that misled people from the path of Allah (Qur'an, 38: 26 the role of the builder, the verse uses the expression ista'mara.This verb is arranged from the letter 'ain, mim and ra which it, according to Ibn Fāris, has a principal meaning "eternity, the long days and something rising". 12From the word "ista'mara", it can also be formed another verb "ya'mara ya'muru". According to Ibrahim Mustafa, this word covers a lexical meaning "longevity, wealthy, inhabit, long life, build and take care of things well". 13n Kathir explained that ista'mara means "to make human as a resident and a caliph".This concept includes the development of civilization and utilization of natural resources for prosperity.This understanding, according to Abd Muin Salim, can be referred as the concept of development, for it contains an attempt to achieve a better life. 14Ista'mara is also associated with good deeds based on the principle of justice and harmony.It is also related to the concept of "commanding the good and forbidding the evil" (amar ma'rūf nahyi munkar) which reflects an effort to fulfill the will of the law.This idea, Muin Salim continued, is closely related to human nature that has characteristics of curiosity and dynamics.Infinite desire is not only to be selected and synchronized with the divine laws, but also needs to be set out in the form of law that would be the basis or guidelines for developing and prospering the earth.Without the rule of law, prospering efforts of human (isti'mār) will be arbitrary and irregular which undermines orders life.If it happens, the function of isti'mār fails. 15ird, the human being as a man of God, not create the jinn and the humans except to worship Me) (Qur'an, 51: 56).The existence of human as a servant of God can be understood from clause liya'budūnī (except to worship Me).The clause derives from the verb 'abada ya'budu, formed from the letter 'ain, ba and dal, which according to the dictionary of al-Mu'jam al-Wasīṭ, means loyalty, degrading and insulting. 16This verse confirms that human existence on earth is sole to worship God. who do not serve and worship God can be mentioned as those who get dysfunction of humanity.It happens when people do not uphold God's laws and follow the passions and desires of the devil.Thus, a monotheist has a mission to enforce the laws of God and to build civilization and prosperity with good deeds in order to worship God.It is precisely the will of God that needs to be actualized in human life on earth.

Transformation of Tawḥīd Values in the Development of Islamic Law Institution
Law is an English word from the Arabic, "al-ḥukm".According to Ibn Fāris, this word etymologically means "to prevent"17 , while Ibrahim Mustafa defines it as "to settle or to decide a case, give the bridle or block a person". 18Ibn Mandhūr said that al-ḥukm is "science and knowledge, or deciding something fairly", and in the Indonesian dictionary, the word law means "regulation, rule or decision". 19In the Qur'an, the word al-ḥukm can be found in QS. 12: 40, 67 as well as QS.6: 57.Based on the use of the word al-ḥukm in these three verses, it can be inferred that the word al-ḥukm includes sharī'ah laws as written in the Qur'an and Sunnah as well as the ones applied in the whole human life.When translated into Indonesian, the word al-ḥukm becomes the law of which the meaning has been distorted.
There are three perspectives in understanding legal concept through philosophical approach, i.e., ontological, epistemological and axiological.Through ontological perspective, someone can find the source of law and legal object.Through epistemological perspective, someone will comprehend methodology to get the law and its development.While through axiological perspective, someone will reveal the purpose of the institutionalization of law.
The first is an ontological perspective on the source of law.The question in this very point is: who is authorized to make law?According to the Koran, the only one authorized to make laws is Allah.It is recorded in QS. 12: 47 and 67 as analyzes that word in the three verses has different contexts.In QS. 12: 40, the legal concept associated with religious affairs is made by God to organize human life.It is understood that all aspect related to human life as caliph is God's authority.Therefore, it entails that the word al-ḥukm in this verse regarding to the rules of human life is known as sharī'a.The information contained in that clause is that the authority of tashrī' (law-making) belongs only to God.
In QS. 12: 67, the legal term is related to creation (amr takwīn), not regulation, while in QS. 6: 57, the term al-ḥukm is related to the settlement of the case, namely the provision of truth or falsity for things (amr qadlā'i).This problem is essentially an application of the existing rules.It also includes a more general concept known as amr tanfīdh.
Hence, al-ḥukm in those verses covers three concepts, i.e., the authority related to the creation, the authority related to creating sharī'a and the authority related to the implementation of the rules (sharī'a).The last two authorities mentioned are clearly related to orders of human life.All of them belong only to God.From here, it can be concluded that the legal source is God.He expresses His laws in the Qur'an.In another word, the Qur'an is the legal source as stated in verse "Thus We revealed it an Arabic code of law" (Qur'an, 13: 37).
Then, what is any authority to define the law given by God to His servant?For this question, it can be considered QS.4: 59: O you who believe!Obey God and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you.And if you dispute over anything, refer it to God and the Messenger, if you believe in God and the Last Day.That is best, and a most excellent determination.This verse explains that besides Allah who has the authority to make laws and have to be followed absolutely, God also gives the authority to His prophets to establish a law which is also absolutely followed.Similarly, Allah gives the authority to ulil amri to establish law during his legal provisions in compliance with God and His Prophet rules.Thereby, beside Allah, His Prophet has authority to establish law, and the obedience of God law and Prophet's rules is a requirement for a faithful person.
Qur'an insists that someone has become a faithful person when he accepts Prophet as a judge (who gives legal decision) for disputed cases.Believers should accept fatefully and there is no objection to the decisions (QS.4: 65) since the prophet orders are regulators of human life based on God's command in QS. 4: 105 and QS.57: 25.For Muslims, Sunna is a legal source after the Qur'an.
The last is a legal authority given to ulil amri as mentioned in QS. 4: 59.Regarding to this context, the Islamic scholars opine differently opinions about who ulil amri is.Al-Suyūṭī mentioned ulil amri was amīr (umarā), al-Baiḍāwī argued ulil amri as judges (al-ḥukkām).Al-Ṣawi claimed as khulafā' al-rāshidīn, mujtahid and judges while Ibn Abbas referring to al-Durr al-Manthūr Fī al-Tafsīr al-ma'thur argued that ulil amri was Islamic law scholars/jurists (faqīh) and religious experts. 20 the other hand, Abd.Muin Salim, based his research on the term ulil amri from a semantic approach and its use in the Qur'an and Sunna as well as historical facts of Muslims, determined that ulil amri denotes an official government of Muslims. 21Another interesting opinion came from Muhammad Abduh who stated that ulil amri is ahl al ḥalli wa al-'aqdi, which is a community consisted of community leaders, Islamic scholars, judges and emirs.They are in charge of giving legal decisions for social problems. 22sed on those various opinions, it is obvious that there are three sources of law, i.e, Allah (Qur'an), Prophet (sunnah) and legal decision by ulil amri.The first two are qualified as waḥyi (naql), and the last is ijtihādi ('aql).The most important thing that should be underlined from QS.4: 59 is the obedience to God's law statutes, the legal decisions of the prophets and legal provisions of ulil amri are absolute requirements of faithful person.Then, the establishment of legal institutions cannot be separated and is closely related to the theological dimension.
Besides, the ontological perspective reflects the object of law.According to scholars of uṣūl fiqh, the object of law called maḥkūm fih is the act of mukallaf provided that such acts are affordable by mukallaf.The scholars of uṣūl fiqh have agreed that something beyond Muslims' ability Muslims cannot burden them although the popular concept mā lā yuṭāqu al-taklīf in the theological discourses is still being debatable.The agreement of jurists is appropriate with QS. 2: 286 which mentions that God will not burden any person out of his/her ability.
Having discussed that, the next question is what the methodology to get legal decision is and what the way to develop law to make legal institutions built for real justice and social awareness.It is a question related to epistemological perspective of law.
For that purpose, the main thing to understand is the need of systematic mechanism required by law in order to understand the Qur'an and Sunnah popularly known as ijtihād.The term ijtihad, as described in Lisān al-'Arab, comes from the word al-jahd and al-juhd which etymologically means al-ṭāqah (energy, ability and power). 23Other words, al-ijtihād and al-tajāhud mean "devoting all capabilities and power" (badhl al-wus'i wa al-majhūd). 24-Ghazali formulated the definition of ijtihād terminologically as "the use of all efforts and all energy to produce something heavy or difficult". 25The meaning, by Iqbal, is as same as the word mujāhadah 26 expressed in QS. 29: 69 for both words have same etymological meaning i.e., badhl al-wus'i (devoting _______________ 23 Ibnu Mandhūr, Lisān al-Arab, section I, p. 708. 24Ibid., p. 710.all potencies), and in special meaning they are distinguishable.The devotion of all physical potencies is jihād and that of the intellectual potencies is called as ijtihād.
Based on the explanation it can be concluded that ijtihād is the mobilization of all intellectual potencies to settle legal decisions from Qur'an and Sunna as well as to apply these sources in human life.In this activity, according to Satria Efendi, 27 there are two focuses: first, an effort to decide laws from the source, and second, an endeavor to precisely implement laws for certain cases.The first activity is called as ijtihād istinbāṭi, and the second is called as ijtihād taṭbīqi.
In the context of ijtihād taṭbīqi, the central research is the sources of laws, either by linguistic approach or by the purpose of law approach (maqāṣid alsharī'ah).Both approaches with set of rules are expected to lead mujtahid to dicover objective legal conclusions.Questions that will be answered by this model of ijtihād are primary ideas of the legal texts.It is also about the possibility of diverse interpretations, the philosophical foundation and the considerations to deciding that a text commands or forbids something.The exact information is a way to maximize the enforcement and the development of law.Furthermore, ijtihād taṭbīqi with set of rules is a way to guide someone or moslem to finding appropriate legal decisions.In this activity, a mujtahid has to already know the material of law and the method.The object of this ijtihad model is everything covering human actions as subject of culture and its changes.The legal decisions of Khalifa Umar Ibn al-Khaṭṭāb on spoil goods, muallaf, slice of hand, and so on were the easiest samples of the operationalization of ijtihād taṭbīqi.
It could be said that ijtihād is an epistemological foundation of law.Ijtihad contains two concepts; first is istinbāṭ which means understanding and issuing legal decision from the source, and second is taṭbīq that implies applying law for actual case.Taṭbīq also contains the concept of development because the formulation of law should be able to adapt and accommodate social changes in human life.The next is an axiological or legal purposes perspective described in QS. 4: ‫ذ‬ ِ ‫إ‬ ‫وَ‬ (and when you judge between people, judge with justice).According to al-Marāghi, al-'adl means "to convey effectively the rights to their owners" 28 while al-Rāghib al-Isfahāni interprets "equal distribution". 29In QS. 2: 90, the word al-'adl is the opposition of the word alfāḥishah 30 which according to the mu'jam al-Wasīṭ meaning "an ugly act" and "beyond the limits", 31 while al-Shawkānī interprets as "disobedience". 32 this context, the analysis of Abd.Muin Salim is interesting to be observed.According to him al-'adl and al-fāḥishah are closely related to human nature.When a man is guided by his religion, it is actually he acts for his nature.It means he has done al-'adl.Conversely, when a man against the guidance of his religion, he has done al-fāḥishah and it means he only fulfill his animal desire. 33It appears that the concept of al-'adl has a purpose to maintain human nature.Therefore, the institutionalization of law needs effort to give attention for human nature.It can be said that the purpose of law is to maintain and to preserve human nature as well as to spare human from deviations-so they keep the existence of "humanity".
According to as-Shāṭibi, the purpose of law (maqāṣid al-sharīah) lets human own liberation or freedom from their animal desires and subsequently they deliver benefit (maṣlaḥat) in both worldly and unworldly life. 34urthermore, al-Shāṭibī divides the benefit (maṣlaḥat) into three branches: First, maṣlaḥat ḍarūriyyat is something that should be there and its absence will threaten human existence.The maṣlaḥat covers five main things (alḍarūriyāt al-khamsah), namely the maintenance of religion, life, mind, descent and property. 35Second, maṣlaḥat ḥājiyyat through which sharī'ah eliminates mashaqqat (difficulty and trouble). 36Third, maṣlaḥat taḥsīniyyat which is a complement to closely associated with glory, ethics and aesthetics required by good culture. 37th regard to the descriptions of the concept of law, it can be affirmed that the legal institutions and its implementations are closely linked to the tawḥīd dimension.By the concept of tawḥīd a man will be more motivated to obey law as a manifestation of God's will.In the tawḥīd, law is not only limited for realizing benefit and happiness in worldly life, but also using for the eternal life (QS, 16: 97 and QS.24: 55).The truly concept of tawḥīd The Development of Law Institution Human, characteristically, is a dynamic creature who has ratio given by God as a basis for his creativity to build history.By creativity human bring innovations that make a distinction of human life in different history, especially in social life.As one of the social institutions, the law must be dynamic.It means law should be able to put in appropriate social structure as well as to accommodate the dynamic of social life.Here, ijtihād finds the point of significance as an attempt to capture God's wills (maqāṣid al-sharīah) through formulating, developing and inquiring these secret sources with social justice in order to keep tawḥīd spirit in human life.
According to al-Shāṭibi, there are three approaches used by mujtahids in understanding maqāṣid al-sharīah; first, semantic-oriented approach on textual meanings (ẓāhir al-naṣ) by rejecting the logic and deductive reasoning (qiyās).This approach is used by a group of ẓāhiriyah.Second, the approach by the substantial meaning of behind the texts, not textual meaning.This model is used by two groups (1) bāṭiniyah group who interprets through the inner meaning of the texts as stated by expert priests (ma'ṣūm), and (2) group who interprets texts through qiyās and independent reasoning.The third approach is the mixing of those two approaches.It is done by two ways: understanding maqāṣid shāri' without ignoring the meaning, and paying attention to the _______________ 35 Abū Isḥāq al-Shāthībi, al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharī'ah, Volume II, p. 7. 36 Ibid., p. 9. 37 Ibid., p. 9. meaning without neglecting lafadz.For al-Shāṭibī, the last approach was the most widely used by mujtahidīn. 38 the context of the development of law institution, one thing to be noted is how the relationship between law and ethics are.Both entities are a set of norms that have a wide influence in creating human behavior.But unfortunately, according to Ihsan Ali Fauzi, the lawyers never made the clear and systematic distinction between those two things.It makes the imbalance and tension between law and ethics.Legal experts often see Qur'an as a legal document.They also saw that the purification of the rules of Islamic law as the fulfillment of God is will (maqāshid al-shari'ah). 39r the reason, Fazlur Rahman called for growing and revitalizing the spirit of ethics of al-Qur'an in Islamic law.Islamic law should be developed on a solid ethical foundation. 40According to Rahman, every statement of law (quasi legal) is always accompanied by legal reason (ratio legis) for explaining why a law is declared. 41In order to understand the ratio legis, it is needed an understanding of the socio-historical background.

The Dimension of
Ratio legis, for Rahman, is the essence of the law, whereas the actual legislation is an embodiment as long as it realizes ratio legis fully and appropriately. 42When human situation is changed and the law fails reflecting ratio legis, the law must be changed.This Rahman's statement is relevant to the principle of al-ḥukm yadūru ma'a 'illatihī wujūdan wa 'adaman (the creating of law is based on the presence or the absence of 'illat).From here, it should be distinguished between the legal rules of al-Qur'an and the moral ideals, something that should be a point of serious concern because it is permanent and is not affected by spatial and temporal dimensions.As a manifestation of realizing the will of God, the development of legal institutions should be based on the principles of tawḥīd, ethical values, and human natures.The effort is to guarantee human welfare both in worldly and unworldly life.

Conclusion
Legal institutions are institutions that want to realize the enforcement of the law of God on earth.God's law aims to uphold justice and benefit for all mankind.this is where the importance of methodology and axiology is important to determine the institution to conform to the maqāṣid.
Tawḥīd as moral ethic is a determinant dimension of the achievement of legal institutional development in accordance with maqāsid shari'ah.lawmaking in an institution that makes tawḥīd ethical morals, approaches and legal goals will bring justice to God or to man.[a] Musahadi AL-AHKAM p-ISSN: 0854-4603; e-ISSN: 2502-3209 186║ Volume 27, Nomor 2, Oktober 2017
‫ن‬ ِ ‫إ‬ (there is no rule but the rule of Allah).Muin Salim