THE ROLE OF SINDHIND ZIJ AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATION TABLE IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION

Astronomy has developed in India since prehistoric times. However, astronomy’s first work appeared during the Vedanga Jyotisa era, written by Lagadha, the oldest literary book in India. Using qualitative methods with a library research approach, it was found that Indian astronomers researched Astronomy and wrote books. One of the books that first made Muslim scientists interested in the world of astronomy was the book Br ā hmasphu ṭ asiddh ā nta , which was translated into Arabic by Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) during the Caliphate of Al-Man ṣū r from the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) became the first Muslim astronomer to compile Zij , with his calculations converted into the Hijri Calendar. After Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) collected this Zij , other Zij s were born, which became the forerunners for the composition of the epimeris and other counts. Around the beginning of the 11 th century, Al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) spread da'wah to India and introduced the study of Islamic astronomy in India.


A. Introduction
After Islam expanded from Andalusia to India, hisab and rukyat progressed through the sciences of Hisab (astronomy), astrology and mathematics, and other exact sciences.
These sciences were grafted from Greece, Egypt and India and were then developed by conducting experiments, calculations, and observations. 1Besides Greece, another civilisation that influenced much of the Islamic intellectual tradition was India, especially in the fields of mysticism and mathematics.Around 154/771, an Indian traveller introduced an astronomical text to Baghdad entitled Siddhanta (Arabic: Sindhind).This manuscript subsequently became an essential reference among Muslim scholars.The Indian traveller also brought with him a mathematical text.These numbers in Europe were called Arabic numerals, while the Arabs called Indian numerals (Hind).Later in the 9th century AD, Indians made significant contributions to mathematics, namely the decimal system. 2 The birth of astronomical civilisation in Arab started from three astronomical societies that have a unique position in the development of astronomy, namely the astronomical society Yunani, the Persian astronomical culture, and the Indian astronomical civilisation. 3Islam Astronomy received much attention from researchers and historians.Regis Morlan (a French orientalist and researcher of the history of classical phallic science) put forward several factors: the number of scholars who have been involved 1 Li'izza Diana Manzil, "Korelasi Historisitas Ilmu Hisab Rukyat dengan Perkembangan Peradaban Islam," Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 3, no. 2 (2018): 185, https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v3i2.432,189.
2 Jayusman, "Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu Falak Sebuah Ilustrasi Paradoks Perkembangan Sains dalam Islam," Al-Marshad: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan 1, no. 1 (2017): 49.Indian civilisation had a significant and considerable role in developing phallic science in Arabia.An astronomical book entitled "Sindhind" had a substantial influence on the development of phallic science, with its peak of glory in the Abbasid dynasty during the reign of Abu Ja'far Al-Manshur (775 AD).This book was summarised and translated into Arabic. 7Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazzari was the one who got the mandate to work on this project and published an explanatory book entitled al-Sind Hind al-Kabīr. 8sed on this explanation, Islamic astronomy and the Islamic community need to understand the history of the development of astronomy and Islamic Astronomy in India so that it can have a significant impact on the development of Islamic Astronomy for the Muslim community.

B. Method
This research is included in library research, which collects data and information from books, journals, and other recorded documents relating to the history of astronomy Greek astronomical ideas began to enter India in the 4th century BC after the conquests of Alexander the Great.In the early centuries of our Common Era, Indi-Greek influence on the astronomical tradition is evident, with texts such as the Yavanajataka and Romaka Siddhanta.Astronomers later credited the existence of various Siddhantas during this period, among them a text known as the Surya Siddhanta, now known to be from the Gupta period and accepted by Aryabhata.
The classical era of Indian astronomy began at the end of the Gupta era, in the 5th to 6th centuries.Pañcasiddhāntikā by Varāhamihira (505 AD) approaches the method of determining the meridian direction of the three image positions using a gnomon.At the time of Aryabhata, the motions of the planets were treated as being elliptical rather than circular.Other topics include the definition of different units of time, eccentric models of planetary motion, epicyclic models of planetary motion, and corrections of planetary longitude for various terrestrial locations.
Before the Vedic age, India's distant history was shrouded in mystery.As a result, it's difficult to determine how much the Indians knew about astronomy in the distant past.
Basic astronomical knowledge is required for the everyday activities of those who live in of the passage of time and the necessity to know when to sow and reap a particular crop.
Another motivator must have been the use of observable celestial events to foretell one's destiny (a topic now known as astrology).In ancient times, the Sanskrit name for astronomy and astrology remained the same, i.e. 'Jyotish'. 13 a result, it is reasonable to believe that the Indians were familiar with the fundamentals of astronomy before the advent of the Vedic era.His initial interest in astronomy must have been in observing the seasonal changes of the moons and moons, eclipses, star constellations, the rising and setting of the various heavenly bodies, and later compiling a somewhat imprecise lunisolar calendar based on observations of the Sun's motion and months to predict with reasonable accuracy the onset of various seasons important to a predominantly agricultural society.Another driving reason must have been the determination of the dates of various religious celebrations.

a. Lagadha (1200 AD / First millennium AD)
The Vedanga Jyotisa, penned by Lagadha, is the first astronomical work in India.The book describes several astronomical concepts typically used to fix the timing of social and religious events.In addition to outlining guidelines for actual observations, the Vednga Jyotia provides data on astronomical computations and calendar studies.The Vednga Jyotia has ties to Indian astrology and describes several crucial components of the times and seasons, including the lunar month, solar Islamic Astronomy through the Iranian Sassanid Empire (224-651).Its contents have been retained to some extent in the writings of Varhamihira (about 550), Bhskara I (around 629), Brahmagupta (598-c.665), and others.This book is one of the first astronomical works.Make an effort to start each day at midnight.Aryabhata expressly states that the Earth rotates on its axis, causing the stars to seem to migrate westward.
He proposes in his book Aryabhata that the earth is spherical, with a radius of 24,835 miles (39,967 km).Aryabhata also remarked that sunlight reflection is beneficial.

i. Sripati (1045 AD)
Srīpati was an astronomer and mathematician who followed the Brahmagupta b.
On the revolutions of the planets; on the calculation of time, i.e. how to find the time for different longitudes and latitudes; how to find the mean places of the worlds; how to find the sine of an arc.c.On the correction of the places of the planets.

d.
On three problems: how to find the shadow, the ancient portion of the day and the ascendance, and how to derive one from the other. e.
The planets become visible when they leave the rays of the Sun and become invisible when entering them.
f. On the first appearance of the Moon and about her two cusps.
g. On the lunar eclipse.
22 Aditya Kolachana dan and Venketeswara Pai Clemency Montelle, "The Candrārkī of Dinakara: A Text Related to Solar and Lunar Tables," Journal for the History of Astronomy 49 (2018).
23 Reza Akbar, "The History of the Development of Falak Science in Indian Civilization and Its Relation to Islam," Islam Futura 17 (2017).
On the shadow of the Moon.j.
On the meeting and conjunction of the planets. k.
On the latitudes of the planets. l.
A critical investigation to distinguish between correct and corrupt passages in the texts of astronomical treatises and handbooks.
m. On arithmetic, on plane measure and cognate subjects.
n. Scientific calculation of the mean places of the planets.
o. Scientific calculation of the correction of the places of the planets.
p. Scientific calculation of the three problems (v.chap.4). q.
On the deflection of eclipses.
r. Scientific calculation of the appearance of the new Moon and her two cusps.

s.
On Kuṭṭaka, i.e. the pounding of a thing.The pounding of oil-producing substances is compared to the most minute and detailed research here.This chapter treats algebra and related subjects.Besides, it contains other valuable remarks that are more or less arithmetical.

t.
On the shadow. u.
On the calculation of the measures of poetry and on metrics. v.
On cycles and instruments of observation.
w. On time and the four-time measures, the solar, the civil, the lunar, and the sidereal.
x.About numeral notation in the metric books of this kind.
These, now, are twenty-four chapters, according to his statement.However, there is a twenty-fifth one, called Dhyâna-graha-adhyâya, in which he tries to solve the problems by speculation, not by mathematical calculation.I have not enumerated it in this list because the pretensions he brings forward in this chapter are repudiated by mathematics.
To sum up, there are at least three Indian astronomical texts that played an essential role in the Islamic astronomical civilisation.First, the Aryabhatiya text was written by The above Indian science works by India Delegation are primarily written as shā'ir, whose purpose is to be easily memorised.The description of the discussion is also generally From the already mentioned historical evidence, the Indian system made a significant contribution to the construction of Arab astronomical theories.This system is apparent in the large number of Arab astronomers who emerged in the era of the early Abbasid It is seen that the astronomical element of India is strongly influenced in detail by its arithmetic factors that do not apply geometric models in the calculation of the motion of the planets.This element can also be seen in the zijs compiled by Arab astronomers.This 32 Butar,Khazanah Astronomi Islam Abad Pertengahan,172.
3 Alimuddin, "Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu Falak," Al Haudah, Vol. 2, (2013), 181.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 in the field of phallic science throughout history, the large number of works of scholars, a large number of documented observational (natural observation) data.4Meanwhile, Muḥammad Aḥmad Sulaymān (professor of phallic science at the National Institute of Astronomical and Geophysical Research, Helwan -Egypt) said, "Astronomy is a mediator of the advancement of the nation's civilisation".5    Indian astronomical civilisation started from astronomical figures used for Vedic rituals.Part of the ritual was to devise geometric schemes relating to the length of the solar and lunar years.The compilation of the Vedas is also according to astronomical rules.6 villages and rely on agriculture.The fundamental driving forces are the urge to keep track Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 month, and their adjustment to the intercalary lunar month Adhimsa.This component is included because the books published around 1200 AD are primarily religious works.The cycle of conjunctions is another term used to represent this period (or portion thereof).Twenty-seven constellations, eclipses, seven planets, and twelve zodiac signs, according toTripathi (2008).14b.Aryabhata (476-550 AD) Aryabhaa was the author of the ryabhatya and ryabhaasiddhnta, which mainly circulated in northern India and had a considerable impact on the formation of 13 Chander Mohan, The History of Astronomy In India (New Delhi: Viva Books, 2015), 221. 14V. N. Tripathi, Astrology in India : Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed.oleh Edited by Helaine Selin, 2nd ed, 2008, 264-267.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 15 CE) is a book about Indian mathematics and astronomy.Brahmasphutasiddhanta was translated into Arabic around 771 in Baghdad, considerably affecting Islamic mathematics and astronomy.Brahmagupta supported Aryabhata's theory of a new day beginning at midnight.Brahmagupta also estimated a planet's instantaneous velocity, provided the correct parallax formulae, and offered some eclipse calculation information.His efforts introduced the Arab world to Indian mathematical notions based on astronomy.He also proposed that all things with mass are drawn to Earth.Varāhamihira was an astronomer and mathematician who studied Indian astronomy and many principles of Greek, Egyptian, and Roman astronomy.His Pañcasiddhāntikā is treatises and summaries drawn from several systems of knowledgeBhaskara is the author of the astronomical works Mahābhāskariya (The Big Book of Bhāskaras), Laghubhaskariya (The Little Book of Bhaskara's), and Aryabhatiyabhashya (629 AD) (a commentary on the Ryabhatīya written by Aryabhata).Bhāskara I's work was followed by that of Vateśvara (880 AD), who, in Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 eight chapters of his Vateśvarasiddhānta, devised a method for determining parallax in direct longitude, the motions of the equinoxes and solstices, and the quadrants of the Sun at any given time.Lalla is the author of the Iṣyadhīvṛddhida (Treatise That Expands the Intellect of the Student), which corrected some of the assumptions of the Ryabhaṭa.Isyadhīvrddhida of Laila itself is divided into two parts: Grahādhyāya and Golādhyāya.The Grahādhyāya (Chapters I-XIII) deals with planetary calculation, determination of mean and actual planets, the three problems related to the daily motion of the Earth, eclipses, rising and setting of the worlds, various zeniths of the Moon, planetary and cosmic conjunctions, and the complementary situation of the Sun and Moon.The second part-Golādhyāya (chapters XIV-XXII)-deals with graphic representations of the motions of the planets, astronomical instruments, and spheres and emphasises correcting and rejecting flawed principles.Lalla shows the influence of Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhāskara I. His work was later followed by the astronomers Rīpati, Vateśvara, and Bhāskara II.Lalla also wrote the Siddhāntatilaka. 17 Satananda uses centesimal numbering in his astronomy manual Bhasvati, published in 1099.The book has eight short chapters with 128 verses covering methods for preparing the Almanack.He also included a method for calculating the longitudinal positions of the planets.Using 528 CE as a reference, he calculated the annual precession rate as 1 minute. 18.Bhaskara II (1114 AD)Wrote Siddhāntaśiromaṇi (Head Jewel of Accuracy) and Karaṇakutūhala (Calculation of Astronomical Wonders) and reported on his observations of 17 K.V. Sarma, "Laila," in In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2008).18Sudhira Panda, "The Bhāsvatī Astronomical Handbook of Śatānanda," Journal of AstronomicalHistory and Heritage, Vol.22 (n.d.), 536-544.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 planetary positions, conjunctions, eclipses, cosmography, geography, mathematics, and astronomical instruments used in his research at the observatory in Ujjain.
school and wrote the Siddhāntaśekhara (Special Defined Doctrine) in 20 chapters, introducing several new concepts, including the inequality of the two Moons.19Mahendra Sūri wrote Yantra-rāja(King of Instruments, written c.1370), a Sanskrit work on the astrolabe, which was introduced in India during the reign of the 14th-century Tughlaq dynasty ruler Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD).Sūri appears to have been a Jain astronomer in the service of Firuz Shah Tughluq.Verse 182 Yantra-rāja mentions the astrolabe from the first chapter onwards and provides the basic formulas and numerical tables for drawing the astrolabe.However, the proof itself has not been detailed.The longitudes of the 32 stars and their latitudes have also been mentioned.Mahendra Sūri also explained Gnomon, equatorial coordinates and elliptic coordinates.Mahendra Sūri's work may have influenced later astronomers such as Padmanābha (1423 AD), author of Yantra-rāja-adhikāra, the first chapter of his Yantra-kirṇāvali.The creator of the Drgganita or Drag system, Parameshvara, belongs to the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics.Parameshvara was a proponent of observational astronomy in medieval India and had made a series of observations of eclipses to verify the accuracy of the computational methods used then.Based on his eclipse observations, Parameshvara proposed several corrections to the astronomical parameters that had been in use since the time of Aryabhata.19TakaoHayashi, Shripati (In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008).Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, in his Tantrasangraha, revised the Aryabhata model for the planets Mercury and Venus.His equations of the centres of the worlds remained the most accurate until Johannes Kepler in the 17th century.Nilakantha Somayaji, in his ryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, a commentary on the ryabhaṭīya ryabhaṭa, developed his computational system for the partially heliocentric planetary model, in which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the Tychonic System later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century.The Nilakantha system, however, is mathematically more efficient than the Tychonic system because it correctly considers the equations of the centre and latitude of Mercury and Venus.Most astronomers of the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics who followed him accepted his planetary model.He also wrote a treatise entitled Jyotirmīmāṁsā, emphasising the necessity and importance of astronomical observations to obtain correct parameters for calculations. 20.Acyuta Pisararti (1550-1621 AD) Sphuṭanirṇaya (Determination of the True Planets) details the elliptical correction to the existing notions.Sphuṭanirṇaya was later expanded to become Rāśigolasphutānīti (Computing the True Longitude of the Zodiac Circles).Another work, Karanottama, deals with eclipses, the complementary relationship between the Sun and the Moon, and the 'declining mean planets and true planets'.In Uparāgakriyākrama (Eclipse Counting Method), Acyuta Piṣāraṭi suggests an improvement in the method of calculating eclipses. 2120 George Gheverghese Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, 3rd ed (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011), 408. 21K. V. Sarma, "Acyuta Pisarati," in In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed.oleh edited by Helaine Selin, 3rd ed (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 2016).Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2The author of Candrārk used 33 verses to produce a calendar, calculating the positions of the Moon, Sun and stars. 22advancement of Muslims in Baghdad and other cities, India had first experienced scientific development, including in astronomy.Indian astronomy was the first to significantly influence Islamic astronomy's advancement, first developed by Al-Fazari (d.796 AD).The first zij ever compiled by Muslim astronomers was that compiled by Al-Fazari (d.796 AD), a court astronomer of caliph Al-Manṣūr (753-774 AD) of the Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 AD) in Baghdad.The zij is composed based on the book of Brahmasphuta-Siddhanta of India.However, the year Al-Fazari used in his calculations has been converted into an Arab (Hijri) year.After Al-Fazari, there were born other zijs of great numbers. 23Contents of the twenty-four chapters of the book of Brahmasphuta-Siddhanta of India: 24 a.On the nature of the globe and the figure of heaven and Earth.
brief.This work is a challenge for Arab translators in untangling the scientific content in solving the syndication of arithmetic and astronomy, which is relatively complicated.The Indian element that played an essential role in developing Arabic (Islamic) astronomical theories adhered to a unique method of calculating celestial bodies based on what in Sanskrit is called Kalpa.Kalpa is a thousand years of complete circulation of the Moon and Sun (al-nayyirayn) and five circulating planets (al-khamsah al mutaḥayyirah).The Indians considered all celestial bodies to be impermanent.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023The Moon and Sun and all other celestial bodies were originally in a position to merge in one line at the point of Aries (vernal points of the equinox), subsequently moving at unequal speeds and in the following millennia would return in that same position at the end of the age of the world, which was also at the point of Aries.The sidereal years (alshamsiyyah and nujamiyyah) that passed from one period of Kalpa conjunction to the next period of Kalpa conjunction is what is called Kalpa.The Kalpa's year number of the Claris based on the calculation of Brahmagupta is 4.320.000.000.The Arabs named the entirety of the Kalpa years the terms of the Sindhind years, while the days were called Sindhind days and world days.32 caliphate.For example, al-Khawarizmi, a contemporary of al-Ma'mūn, wrote a zij entitled Zij Sindhind al-Kabīr (Table of the Great Sindhid), which was guided by the construction of al-Fazzari but differed in interpolation and declination calculations.It contains interpolation based on the Persian school of astronomy, while the Sun's declination is based on Ptolemy's astronomical school.This zij became the prototype of Indian astronomical tendencies-as-as reflected in the Sindhind-however al-Khawarizmi had tried to combine Indian and Greek elements.Arab astronomers of this period have been predominantly committed to developing the Indian astronomical system, as was seen when it was presented.The efforts of Arab astronomers are also reflected in the preparation of various zijs in which Indian elements are contained, mainly arithmetic models of the practice of astronomical tables and different modelling of planets-also, the inclusion of the sine formulation in the calculation of the spherical triangle.The latter element is an essential contribution to shaping the construction of the zij based on observing and calculating planetary motion, circulation, and position.
Aryabhata in 499 AD.Arab writers refer to this text as Al-Arjabhar.The second Khandakhadyaka text in Arabic literature, written by Brahmagupta (665 AD), is called Zij al Arkand.Third, the text of al-Muhasidhanta registered in the late 7th century AD or the Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 beginning of the 8th century AD, has been transferred into Arabic under the title Zij as Sindhind (Table of Sindhind).The first two calculated texts have been lost and have not been found.As the remaining one, Sindhind Zij Sindhind's text is the one that many Arab scientists follow and study.Through this work, Muslim astronomers gave birth to new books, such as that of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazzari (d.161/796), who wrote al-Sindhind al-Kabīr, which became the sole basis of astronomical science until the time of al-Ma'mūn.Sindhind is an Indian-language astronomical text that contains a complete introduction to the motion of celestial bodies over thousands of years. 25ding to al-Qifthi (d.646 H/1248 AD), Indian astronomical texts reached Islamic civilisation precisely before Caliph al-Manṣūr in 156 H/773 AD. when envoys from India came to Baghdad and faced the caliph with the Sanskrit-language astronomical text Siddhānta (Arabic: Sindhind) allegedly the work of an Indian astronomer and mathematician named Brahmagupta.The visit of the Indian envoy was an Arab introduction to the Indian caliphate.It marked a turning point in Arab intellectual history.According to al Qifthi's description again, the Sindhind text generally contains calculations of the motion of the stars, calculations of eclipses, the analysis of the position of the constellations (maṭāli' alburūj), and other measures that are entirely contained in several chapters.Al-Manṣūr (d.158 H/775 AD), the second Abbasid caliph, known to be very interested in astrology and astronomy, asked the Indian envoy to write a summary of the book.26Hefurtherordered to translate it into Arabic and immediately write a standard work on the calculation of the motion of the planets and the matters associated with them.Year 2023 dynamised sinus function, an essential contribution of India, which, in the era of the Islamic civilisation, was developed by Arab scientists as the basis for all calculations.30InSanskrit, Siddhanta or Sindhind means knowledge, science, and school.While terminologically, it means a book about astronomy and calculating the motion of all the planets and stars.Brahmasphutasiddanta is the original old-school Sindhind in Sanskrit, a revised version of the astronomical book to Brahma.The Arabic writers omitted some words from this title and left Siddhanta, then modified it slightly by adding the word hind (India) at the end to become al-Sindhind.Some contemporary circles refer to this book as "al-Sindhind al-Kabīr" to distinguish it from al-Khawarizmi's as Sindhind.Sindhind is a table (zij) with accurate calibration that provides a device and formulation for determining the position of the Sun, Moon, and planets.It also determines the time of day and night based on observations.Furthermore, more specifically, this zij is helpful for the formulation of prayer times for Muslims and the observation of the crescent Moon as a sign of the Islamic calendar.These tables are handy Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, for stargazing without making time-consuming observations, as this phenomenon was rife in the early days of the Islamic era.Presumably, this is the biggest attraction of this l-tabletable.This zij can also be equipped with astronomical instruments to solve complex spherical geometry and timing problems.Over a thousand years after his declaration, al-Khawarizmi's zij is still used in the Islamic world, especially Egypt.31