STUDY OF DETERMINING PRAYER MAGHRIB TIME IN THE AL-FALAQIYYAH MANUSCRIPT

The five daily prayer times in the al-Falaqiyah text are determined using rub ū ’ mujayyab , except for the Maghrib prayer time. It is stated in the text that the time for Maghrib is six o'clock without further information being given. This method contradicts the current method of determining the beginning of prayer times. By using qualitative research with literature study, this paper explores further the basis for calculations and implementation of the methods used in the al-Falaqiyyah text. By using descriptive analysis, it was found that the six o'clock provisions for Maghrib prayers in the text are approximate. After comparisons were made, there was also a difference of 3 to 7 minutes in the Maghrib time in the manuscript with the Maghrib time calculation using rub ū ’ mujayyab .


A. Introduction
Al-Falaqiyyah manuscript by K.H Muhammad Burkan Saleh, found in Jambi, is one of the classic manuscripts that discuss various astronomy issues, including determining prayer times.This calculation can be seen in the manuscript, which explains prayer times using a traditional tool called rubū' mujayyab.Based on the information on the Ministry of Religion website, the principles of calculation in al-Falaqiyyah manuscript are still used by the local community. 1In general, the prayer time in this text is determined through rubū'mujayyab, but another case with the determination of the Maghrib prayer time is said to be 6 o'clock.This 6 o'clock designation is likely just an estimate.According to Muhyidin Khazin, scholars agree that it is not permissible to use forecasts in terms of worship. 2 The study of the timing of prayers in the classical method has long attracted the attention of previous researchers.However, previous studies tend to the work of classical scholars who have been published or books that are widely circulated.The research usually attempts to test the accuracy of the methods used in the book by comparing them with contemporary approaches.
Fathul Ulum (2020)  Some researchers concentrate on digging methods of calculation in a book.Rizal Mubit (2016) discusses the calculation of prayer times in the book al-Khulāṣah fī al-Aqwāt al-Shar'iyyah bi al-Lugharitmiyyah by Muhammad Khumaidi Jazry.From the research, it is known that the measure of prayer time in the book is to use logarithmic tables and eliminate negative values.So, to get a more precise time, other data and conversion to the calculated time area. 5Alfan Maghfuri (2018), in his article, focuses on the calculation method in the book.It was found that the measure of prayer time in the book uses a list of logarithms with five decimals.When compared with the four decimal logarithms, the result of calculating the five decimal logarithms is still safe and has no significant difference. 6ere is no writing that seeks to explore the method of determining the time of prayer in the classical texts and then seeks to complement and clarify the rules in the text so that the intent of the text is more easily conveyed considering the principles in the text is still used as a guide by the surrounding community.Considering that the method in this text is related to obligatory worship, research on determining the time of prayer in the reader needs to be done.This paper aims to add to the knowledge of writers and readers about the scientific treasures of classical calculation.Specifically, this paper seeks to analyze the method of determining the Maghrib prayer time in al-Falaqiyah manuscript.In addition, the manuscript also explains the parts of rubū' mujayyab and the rules for determining prayer times with rubū'.However, the manuscript uses Malay Arabic and is difficult for some people to understand.In this case, I also intend to clarify these rules and re-narrate and complete the parts of rubū' mujayyab that are not mentioned in the manuscript.To complete the explanation in the manuscript, I refer to Siti Tatmainul Qulub's book

B. Method
This research is a type of library research with a descriptive qualitative analysis With the provision of knowledge from the three Islamic boarding schools, Burkan Saleh returned to Jambi as a scholar and religious teacher.In addition to teaching, like the scholars generally, Burkan Saleh also poured his knowledge through writing.Among his writings are the following.8 Table 1 Some Works of Burkan Saleh

Al Falaqiyyah
It was written in 1973 and contains various astronomy discussions, namely about the direction of the Qibla, the determination of the month and the beginning of the year, and prayer times.

Amulets
These were written in 1948 and give a wide variety of amulets and how to use them.

Mustalah Alhadīs
This book, written in 1950, is a book that contains a discussion about the science of Hadith and various talks about the science.

Al-tarikh Qur'an al-Karīm
This book is not known when it was written; for sure, it contains a discussion about the science of the descent of the Qur'an and the history of the Qur'an.In general, this book includes religious issues.
2. Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol.It indicates that in determining the beginning of Ramadhan, he used the observation method.Then, for the year in this manuscript, he used the Year of Islamic Java.This is proven by the windu (8 years), which are named with the letter Jumali with the provisions that the first year and so on are named Alip ‫,)ا(‬ Ehe ‫,)ه(‬

An overview of al-Falaqiyah Manuscript
Then, there is a table of the number of days in the Arabic month starting from Muharram.In the table, he wrote down the estimates that each odd month has an even number of days; for example, Muharram as the first month of 30 days, followed by Safar in the second month with the number of days as many as 29.And

Prayer How to determine Maghrib
Maghrib time in the script is six o'clock.

Isha
The time of Isha in the text is determined by putting qaws irtifā' in degree 17 calculated from the beginning of qaws and taking his jayyib, then adding bu'd alkhutur to the end of qaws then subtracting niṣf al-fuḍlah to the front of qaws.

Fajr
The time of Fajr in the script is determined by putting the qaws irtifā' in degrees 19 counted from the beginning of qaws and taking his jayyib plus bu'd al-qutur to the end of qaws then adding niṣf al-fuḍlah to the front of qaws.

Zuhr
The time of Zuhr in the script is determined by putting a rope at 90 degrees and then subtracting niṣf al-fuḍlah from the beginning of qaws.

Asar
Asar's time in the script is determined by: Take the constellation, then take the mail, and then move the rope to the mail.Then subtract the latitude of the place from the beginning of qaws by 4.5 degrees and then calculate from the beginning of the remaining qaws.This is tamām ghayah.Then, what is left is reduced by 90 degrees, and how much is left is the ghāyah.Then take qamah aṣābah as much as 12 degrees and then take his jayyib reduced with bu'd alkhutur and niṣf al-fuḍlah, and if ikhtilaf add bu'd al-khutur and niṣf al-fuḍlah reduced.

Analysis of the parts of Rubū' in al-Falaqiyyah Manuscript
In the manuscript, the parts of rubū' are described before calculating the prayer time.However, the rubū' mujayyab section in the manuscript is only mentioned briefly and, according to the Author, should be explained in more detail to make it easier to understand.Here, I will clarify the parts of rubū' in the manuscript by referring to several relevant sources, as follows.
Table 3 The parts of Rubū' in al-Falaqiyah manuscript 12 Part of Rubū'

Description Markaz ‫)ألمركز(‬
The central point of rubū' mujayyab is that it has a hole where to install khāyṭ (thread). 13At this markaz, the value of 0 from jayb tamām dan sittīnī located (beginning of jayb tamām and sittīnī).

‫اإلرتفاع(‬ ‫)قوس‬
Arc (curved stroke) that surrounds the rubū' mujayyab.qaws al-irtifā's values between 0 and 90 are calculated from the right direction of the person looking.In the qaws al-irtifā', there are the names of 12 constellations located on each of the 30 scales. 14

‫التمام(‬ ‫)جيب‬
A straight line goes down from the Markaz to the beginning of qaws alirtifā', divided into 60° jayb.This base 60 (sexagesimal) numbering is a derivative of the Babylonian number system.It is used to calculate the cosine of an angle. 15

Jayb sittin/ al-Sittīnī ‫)الستيني(‬
A straight line that descends from the base point to the end of qaws alirtifā', which is divided into 60° jayb.It is used to calculate the sine of an angle. 16

‫دائرتا(‬ ‫)التجييب‬
Two semicircular lines with a radius of 30 grid scale units were drawn on the horizontal axis (jayb at-tamām) and vertical axis (sittīnī). 17The line from Markaz to the end of qaws is named tajyib al-awwal.In comparison, the line from Markaz to the beginning of qaws is called tajyib tsānī.

The Dairot Al-mail ad'dhom
A curved line similar in shape to the qaws al-irtifā' but more minor, which starts from jayb at-tamām at a position twenty-four degrees jayb from the markaz point.

Two qāimatu ẓilli
Two lines that go down to qaws al-irtifā'.It consists of qā'imatu ẓill almabsūth, which is a line accompanied by points that descend from sittin 12 Burkhan Saleh.

‫الظل(‬ ‫قائمتا‬
to qaws al irtifā', which differs by seven degrees from the markaz point, and qāimatu ẓill al-manqūs, which is a line accompanied by points that descend from jayb at-tamām to qaws al-irtifā' which differs at a position of seven degrees from the point of markaz. 18

Two hadaf
Two additional pieces of wood on the rubū' mujayyab are on the right and left. 19Khāyṭ ‫)الخيط(‬ Thread with a length exceeding the size of rubū' mujayyab mounted on the markaz and used as a means of counting.

The Muri
A thread that is tied to the chair and serves as a marker in the operation of rubū'.For easy viewing, this yarn has a different colour with khāyṭ and is fitted loosely so that it can be shifted. 20

Analysis of the Determining Maghrib Prayer Time in al-Falaqiyyah Manuscript
In the text, it is stated that Maghrib is six o'clock, and there is no mention of formulation or the reason.The author suspects that the determination of this six o'clock, as also found in the Book of Shams al-Ḥilāl, is calculated from the hour of culmination or istiwā'. 23It is also possible that the stipulation of six o'clock is based on estimates only, considering that Indonesia and other areas around the equator have relatively the same duration of day and night.This is reinforced by making Jambi a calculation markaz, where the average Maghrib time in Indonesia is around six o'clock in the afternoon.So, for worship, this calculation cannot be used.However, considering that the time of Maghrib prayer is related to obligatory worship, it should not be used to determine the approximate time.Therefore, the determination of Maghrib's time in this text should be reviewed.
Because all prayer times (except Maghrib) in this text are determined through rubū' mujayyab, the following authors present steps and examples of determining the timing of Maghrib prayers with rubū' mujayyab.Previously, determining the prayer time required data and a precise calculation method.However, in the manuscript, the needed and how to calculate it should be described in detail.Therefore, to facilitate understanding, the Author tries to complete the data in the manuscript through some literature.Here, 23 Noor Ahmad, Syamsul Hilal (Kudus: Madrasah Tashwiq al-Tzullab Salafiyah, n.d.).

d. Solar declination (mail)
I suspect that the value of solar declination in this manuscript is determined using the method of Ḥisāb Taqrībī because the manuscript does not provide a solar declination table .In essence, the declination value changes every hour, but in the script and calculation of rubū' mujayyab, the declination value constantly changes and is considered constant.The steps to know the declination of the sun using and then put the khāyṭ on the qaws tamām initial mail (69˚43')  Then draw a straight line from muri to sittīnī and see the value from the beginning of markaz to sittīnī that is, the value of aṣl al-muṭlaq. 30 the value of aṣl al-muṭlaq in this example is 56 16'. g.

Niṣf al-fuḍlah
That is, the arc along the pseudo-circular line of the celestial body is calculated from the horizon to the celestial body.It refers to the value of the duration of the day in excess of the night or vice versa. 31The way to find out is:  Place khāyṭ on sittīnī and position muri on aṣl al-muṭlaq (56˚16')  Move muri until it attaches to jayb al-mabsūṭah of bu'd al-qutur.
 The angle formed between the khāyṭh and the beginning of the cause of the process is called niṣf al-fuḍlah.
The value of niṣf al-fuḍlah in this example is 00˚30'.

Daqāiq tamkiniyah
It is the correction of the angle of solar time and the angle of lunar time.
There is no mention of this correction in the text.But because I try to complete the calculations in the book by referring to the writings of Siti Tatmainul Qulub, daqā'iq tamkīniyah needs me to mention.It is stated that the value of this correction is taken from the sum of refraction taken from the schedule by looking at the declination data of the Moon and the latitude of the place. i.
compares the prayer times calculation in the al-Durūs al-Falaqiyyah Book and Ephemeris.The results showed that there was a time difference of 10 minutes.It is said that the Ephemeris method is more accurate because the data used is constantly updated every day and uses modern calculations.While the calculation of prayer time in the Book of al-Durūs al-Falakiyyah still uses the time of events 'and counting tools Rubū' mujayyab. 3Then Siti Nur Rohmah (2021).In her master thesis, she tried to compare the methods in the book of Taqrīb al-Maqsūd fī `Amal bi al-Rubū' al-Mujayyab and 1 See: https://lektur.kemenag.go.id/manuskrip/web/koleksi-detail/lkk-jambi2015-bs003.html#adimage-2Muhyiddin Khazin, Ilmu Falak dalam Teori dan Praktek, 1st ed.(Yogyakarta: Buana Pustaka, 2004), 118. 3 Fathul Ulum, "Studi Komparatif Hisab Penentuan Awal Waktu Shalat dalam Kitab al-Durusul al-Falaqiyah dan Ephemeris" (Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, 2020).Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 Ephemeris.The results showed that calculating the praying time in the Book of Taqrīb al-Maqsūd uses rubū' mujayyab and has a difference of 10 to 14 minutes compared with contemporary calculation. 4 method.The primary data sources in this study are al-Falaqiyyah manuscripts and rubū' mujayyab itself.In contrast, the secondary data sources are Siti Tatmainul Qulub's book entitled Ilmu Falak: Dari Sejarah ke Teori dan Aplikasi and books or articles related to the early calculation of prayer time and rubū' mujayyab.Data collection in this research uses the literature study method on al-Falaqiyyah manuscripts accessed from the Ministry of Religious Affairs website.After the data is collected, the provisions of the Maghrib prayer time and the rubū' mujayyab rule in al-Falaqiyyah manuscript are analyzed descriptively.Maghrib prayer time is set at six o'clock in the manuscript; I recalculate by using the rubū' Mujayyab's rule to find out whether the provisions of six o'clock can be used or not.The explanation of the parts and controls of rubū' mujayyab is added from books and some related articles.was born in the village of Tanjung Pauh Mudik, Kerinci, Jambi, in 1912 and died on July 21, 2010, in the same town.He is the son of H. Saleh Hj.Fatimah is an ordinary society and not a descendant of the great scholars.During his lifetime, he was married three times and had 12 children.He started his education at a Folk School in the village of Tanjung Pauh Home, coming and finishing in 1930.After graduating there, Burkan Saleh and his parents moved to Jambi and continued his education at the Jauhar Islamic Madrasah School in Jambi until he finally graduated in 1940.Not fasting until there, he studied again at the Islamic boarding school Tarbiyah Padang until graduating in 1945.After graduating from Padang, he continued to study at Pondok Pesantren Candung Bukittinggi and graduated in 1950. 7Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023

Figure 1
Figure 1 Cover of Falaqiyah Manuscript Based on data on the manuscript page of the Ministry of Religion, al-Falaqiyyah manuscript by K.H. M. Burkan Shakeh consists of 24 sheets in Malay Arabic using riqah khat.This text discusses three things, as follows.
so it was with Zulhijjah.The rule of regular lunar ages with odd-even patterns in this text indicates that K.H. M. Burkan Saleh used Ḥisāb 'urfi in determining the beginning of the month.Ḥisāb 'urfi is a calendar calculation system based on the average time the Moongoes around the Earth.This calculation is only an approximation and does Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 not describe the actual phase of the Moon.A cycle of phases of the Moon, whose duration is about 29.53 days, is approximated by 29 or 30 days.Because it can not describe the actual position month, for worship, Ḥisāb 'urfi can not be used, so rukyat hilāl must still be done.10In this text, he also explained how to determine the first day of Ramadan according to the opinion of the companions and imāms of the school he quoted from the book Adah al-Ṭullāb.He also introduced the science of calculation aywayantajaqoh, namely the science of calculation, to know the first day of each month in the Hijri year.c.Prayer time with rubū' mujayyabBefore mentioning the time of prayer, the text said the rules for determining the time of prayer, starting from defining the constellation (zodiac), calculating the longitude of the solar ecliptic, calculating declination, bu'd al-qutur, niṣful fuḍlah, and ending with the rule of finding the time of prayer five times, as follows.

Figure 2
Figure 2Rubū' mujayyab in al-Falaqiyyah Manuscript -Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 Based on the table above, the astronomical ecliptic constellation on November 22, 2022, is 22 + 07 = 29.So, the ecliptic longitude on November 22, 2022, is 29 degrees from aqrab burūj.c.Darajah al-syams/ astronomical longitude of the sun Its meaning is that the distance of the sun from the point Aries (the constellation ḥaml or the constellation zero) is measured along the ecliptic circle.The steps for calculating the astronomical longitude of the sun in rubū' mujayyab are as follows. Position khāyṭ above the qaws  Slide the khāyṭ until it is at the beginning of the constellation  Slide the khāyṭ by the number of tafāwut numbers tafāwut with the date you are looking for (in the example: Slide 29 degrees)  The position of the khāyṭ from the beginning of qaws indicates the longitude value of the solar ecliptic.So, the astronomical longitude of the sun on November 22, 2022, is 59 degrees south.
Rubū' mujayyab.Due to the example using negative declination, I will give a model again for calculations with positive declination with the same Markaz.In the same way as above, the Maghrib prayer time on April 17, 2022, is:

Qibla direction and Qibla azimuth
At the beginning of the text, he presented a table of several regions complete with the azimuth of the Qibla and the degree of Qibla.For its calculation, K.H. M. Burkan Saleh did not explain the methods used.It's just that at the end of the table, he stated that the tables of degrees of Qibla and azimuth (direction) are quoted from the book of Riyāḍ al-Badī'ah fī Tārikh.It can be said that he copied the degrees of Qibla and Qibla azimut in the book.

Table 2
Prayer times in al-Falaqiyyah manuscript 11