AHMAD MARZUQI AL-B Ā T Ā W Ī ’S THOUGHTS IN FA Ḍ L AL-RA Ḥ M Ā N BOOK AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ON DETERMINING ISLAMIC CALENDAR IN INDONESIA

Criteria for the visibility of the new moon have been initiated by Betawi ulama, one of which is found in the book Fa ḍ l al-Ra ḥ m ā n by Ahmad Marzuqi al-B ā t ā w ī . Ahmad Marzuqi's criteria are very different from those used by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, giving rise to several differences. Using literature research and interviews as a data collection method, this paper finds that Ahmad Marzuqi al-B ā t ā w ī 's thoughts in the book Fa ḍ l al-Ra ḥ m ā n state that the minimum limit for imk ā n al-rukyah is 7° without using a telescope. This idea of imk ā n al-rukyah is still currently being implemented by the al-Marz ū qiyyah congregation in Cipinang Muara, East Jakarta, in determining the start of the lunar month so that if the height of the new moon is less than 7° it causes differences with the government.


A. Introduction
Imkān al-rukyah (the possibility that the crescent Moon can be rukyat) is a phenomenon of a certain height of the crescent Moon that, according to experience in the field, the crescent Moon can be seen. 1 The Government initiated this method through the Indonesian Ministry of Religion to bridge the gap between the calculation and rukyat methods. 2 The aim is to minimize the differences that have always been on the lips of the public, namely in determining the start of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijah. 3

B. Method
Methodologically, this research uses a historical approach to analyzing a figure's thoughts, namely Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī.One type of historical research is biographical research, namely research into a person's life with society, their characteristics, the influence of their thoughts and ideas, and the formation of the character's personality. 9The data search method in this research uses the library research method, namely by reading the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān by Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī as a primary source and writings related to the issue of imkān al-rukyah as a secondary source, as well as conducting interviews with al-Marzuqiyyah congregation in Cipinang Muara, East Jakarta.The data analysis used by the author uses descriptive analytical methods.The analytical descriptive method is a method of analyzing data by describing and analyzing it. 10This method is used first to describe the thoughts of imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī.The resulting picture is made into facts and then analyzed to conclude.

The Intellectual History of Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī
Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī, usually called Guru Marzuqi, was one of the teachers of the Betawi ulama known as the "six prominent teachers" or "the six teachers" at the end of the 19th century to the beginning and middle of the 20th century.As for Burhan Naqli, Muhammad Hasan stated that the Imkān al-rukyah limit of at least 7 degrees is istiqrȃu tȃm, which gives certain benefits.Because people have never seen the Moon (hilāl) below 7 degrees, and people in Betawi have never seen it with valid vision.
So if someone accuses them of seeing the Moon (hilāl) even though it is less than 7 degrees, that is simply a lie.Or it may be true if you see it with two extraordinarily sharp eyes or binoculars.Still, the Shar'ī does not confirm (teach) these two visions and does not cancel with certainty the impossible rukyat of the Moon, which is less than 7 degrees which is known by istiqrā'u tām.However, if the Moon is less than 7 degrees, it is not obligatory or sunnah because it is 'abats, namely in vain, while the Sharia does not command anything that is in vain.
Fourth, another Burhan is about the kadi's obligation to reject witnesses who see the Moon at less than 7 degrees even though the witness meets the requirements as a witness, namely 'is and muru'ah.This is related to the general ulamā' muḥaqqiqīn who adheres to the qawl of Shaykh al-Subkī, who says to reject witnesses who accuse of seeing the Moon on a night where it is impossible to be rukyat and that is the qawl rājiḥ which is obligatory for the kadi to punish by rejecting witnesses who see the hilāl less than 7 degrees.Likewise, the mufti must also issue a fatwa.According to Busthomi (Administrator of the Jami' al-Marzūqiyyah Mosque, Cipinang Muara, East Jakarta), he explained that the main reason the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation continues to adhere to the imkān al-rukyah criteria of Teacher Marzuqi al-Bātāwī is as a form of obedience and respect for Teacher Marzuqi.Guru Marzuqi is a scholar with extensive scientific knowledge, so all his fatwas and decrees must be followed, including determining the start of the lunar month.
For example, the difference between the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation and the Indonesian Government determines the beginning of the lunar month on 1 Shawwal 1438 AH.The Indonesian Government, through the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, in the isbat session, decided that the Eid al-Fitr holiday falls on Sunday, June 25 2017.This is based on data.The calculation at the end of Ramadan is that the height of the new Moon is 3.88 degrees, the elongation angle is 5.06 degrees, and the age of the Moon is 8 hours 15 minutes 24 seconds.Apart from that, it was also reported that six people managed to see the new Moon, including Muhammad Moa, Abdullah Said Sajran, Tri Umaryadi Wibowo, Rahmat Setyo Yuliatmoko in Kupang, NTT and also Inwanuddin, Ahmad Azhar in Gresik, Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 East Java.30However, the Government's decision was not followed by the Jakarta al-Marzūqiyyah congregation, which determined that 1 Shawwal 1438 AH fell on Monday, June 26 2017.This decision was taken because it was based on the results of Taqwīm al-Nayyirain's calculations that the height of the new Moon at the end of Ramadan is 4 degrees, so it does not meet the imkān al-rukyah criteria of 7 degrees.
The imkān alrukyah criteria used by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion follow the imkān al-rukyah Neo MABIMS criteria, which were mutually agreed upon at the forum of the Ministers of Religion of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore on December 8 2021, namely a minimum height of the crescent Moon of 3 degrees and a minimum elongation angle of 6.4 degrees.The criteria for imkān al-rukyah have been mentioned in classical astronomy books in Betawi, such as in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān by Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī, which has standards that are not the same as those of the Government.Based on information from an interview with Ustaz Amir (grandson of teacher Marzuqi al-Bātāwī) on August 11, 2018 at the al-Marzūqiyyah Cipinang Muara Mosque, East Jakarta, the thoughts of Imkān alrukyah Guru Marzuqi al-Bātāwī in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān are still followed today by the al-Marzūqiyyah Cipinang Muara congregation, East Jakarta.So based on the Notification Letter from the Shar'iyyah Hukmiyyah Agency of the Jami' Al-Marzūqiyyah Mosque, Cipinang Muara, East Jakarta, regarding the Determination of the Eid Al-Fitr Holiday 1 Syawal 1438 H, there are often differences in determining the start of the lunar month between the Government and the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation.For example, in Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 determining the start of the lunar month at the beginning of Shawwal 1438 AH, the Indonesian Government, in the isbat session, decided that the Eid al-Fitr holiday would fall on Sunday, June 25 2017.However, the Government's decision did not follow the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation, which determined that 1 Shawwal 1438 AH fell on Monday, June 26 2017.As far as the author has observed and searched, no writing or research has been found that precisely and in detail discusses the thoughts of imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān.However, based on researchers' searches, literature and previous studies, many articles and research related to imkān al-rukyah have been found to determine the beginning of the lunar month with different studies, so this research is a novelty with the focus and locus of research being imkān al-rukyah's Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī and its implementation of the determination of the beginning of the lunar month.Thus, this paper differs from previous research, but there are still connections with the last study and writings.First, research by M. Rifa Jamaludin Nasir (2013) entitled " Imkān Al-Ru'yah Ma'şūm Ali (Konsep Visibilitas Hilāl dalam Kitab Badī'ah Al-Miśāl dan Aplikasinya dalam Penetapan Awal Bulan Hijriyah)". 4 This research describes the construction of imkān alrukyah Maksum Ali's criteria from a modern astronomical perspective.Then, it represents the implementation and applicative contribution of imkān al-rukyah Maksum Ali's standards in determining the beginning of the Hijriah month in Indonesia.Second, research by Suhardiman (2013) entitled "Criteria for Hilāl Visibility in Determining the Beginning of the Lunar Month in Indonesia". 5 This research discusses the application of criteria for the visibility of the new Moon in Indonesia.Suhardiman stated that the criteria currently used by the Government still need to be revised for the visibility of the new Moon, according to astronomers.However, these criteria must still be adhered to, considering that these criteria are reliable and can be an alternative solution to differences of opinion and views that have occurred so far.The criteria used by the Indonesian Government so far are Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 the height of the crescent Moon of at least 2 degrees, the angular distance between the Moon and the Sun (elongation) of at least 3 degrees, or the age of the crescent Moon of at least 8 hours, with calculation data collected by the Rukyat Ḥisāb Team of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion.Third, Ahmad Izzuddin's research (2015) with the title "Ḥisāb Rukyat Klasik (Studi Atas Pemikiran Muhammad Mas Manshur Al-Bātāwī)". 6This research explains that Mas Manṣur al-Bātāwī's thoughts on ḥisāb rukyat are thoughts on ḥisāb rukyat from the network of ulama with Saudi Arabian scholars (Haramayn), including Shaykh 'Abdurraḥmān al-Miṣrī.Even though this idea uses Ptolemy's theory, which has geocentric principles (which, according to scientific history, has been overthrown by the heliocentric theory), it is still used by some Indonesian Muslim communities, including the extended family of the Jakarta al-Khairiyah al-Manṣuriyyah Foundation and the Ploso Mojo Islamic Boarding School, Kediri.Fourth is Shofiyulloh's (2018) research titled "Metode Ḥisāb Sullam al-Nayyirayn dalam Perspektif Astronomi". 7In this research, Shofiyullah explains astronomical reasoning in the calculation of the beginning of the lunar month, lunar eclipses and solar eclipses using the Sullam al-Nayyirayn method, then looks for similarities and differences in astronomical reasoning in the book of Sullam al-Nayyirayn with the ephemeris, finally the astronomical sense is corrected to increase the accuracy of the calculation Sullam al-Nayyirayn.Fifth, research by Nur Aida Athirah Sulaiman & Shahir Akram Hassan (2018), entitled "The Application of Rukyah and Ḥisāb in Determining the Starting Dates of the Months of Ramadhan and Shawwal in Thailand". 8This research describes the application of the rukyat and calculation methods in determining the start of the months of Ramadan and Shawwal in Thailand.The findings in this research are that the accurate rukyat method is used to determine the start of Ramadan and Shawwal in Thailand by relying only on the Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 human eye, without the help of observational tools.In addition, the essential rukyat method is practised without using the criteria for the visibility of the new Moon.Based on the background description, objectives and literature review above, this article will examine and answer the problem formulation as follows-first, to find out the origins of imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī.She was second, explaining how imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī thought in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān.Third, explain how to implement imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī's thoughts in determining the start of the lunar month.
Meanwhile, the qawl of Shaykh al-Zarkashi and the qawl of Shaykh al-Ramlī said that it was accepted by witnesses who had sufficient conditions who Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2Faḍl al-Raḥmān, Ahmad Marzuqi al-Batāwi believes that the new Moon can only be seen with the naked eye without using binoculars or other tools if the height of the new Moon is at least 7 degrees.Imkān al-rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Batāwi's thoughts in the Book of Faḍl al-Raḥmān are what are still followed and adhered to by the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation in Cipinang Muara, East Jakarta in determining the start of the lunar month.The name al-Marzuqiyyah was originally an Islamic boarding school founded by Guru Marzuqi in the month of Rabiul Awal 1340 AH to coincide with September 1921 AD.With patience and sincerity, Guru Marzuqi and his students, who were brought from Rawa Bangke, founded an Islamic boarding school and prayer room for teaching and learning activities.Like other Islamic boarding schools, the initial establishment of the al-Marzūqiyyah Islamic boarding school faced many challenges and violence from residents, whether in direct physical contact or damage to the Islamic boarding school building, which is used as a residence for the students. 28On 25 Rajab 1353 H or 2 November 1934 AD, Guru Marzuqi was called by Allah SWT.After the death of Teacher Marzuqi, based on the agreement of his students, the construction of the Islamic boarding school was continued by his student and son-in-law, KH.Muhammad Tohir bin Ja'man (1898-1957).During his leadership, Tohir prioritized building a prayer room at the al-Marzūqiyyah Islamic boarding school.He even advised the next generations to turn the prayer room into a mosque after the death of KH.Tohir, al-Marzūqiyyah experienced a slight setback; some students even started leaving the Islamic boarding school.Despite this, construction of the prayer room continued until finally, in 1960, the prayer room was designated as a mosque, which was named the Jami' al-Marzūqiyyah Mosque.Even though Guru Marzuqi has died, all his fatwas and teachings are still followed by the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation, including determining the start of the lunar month.Jamaah al-Marzūqiyyah adheres to the thoughts of Guru Marzuqi in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān and Ḥabīb 'Uthmān in the books Īqāẓ al-Niyām and Tamyīz al-Ḥaqq regarding the limits of imkān al-rukyah which states that the hilāl can only be seen by the 28 Latiful Khuluq, Fajar Kebangunan Ulama: Biografi KH.Hasyim Asy'ari (Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2000).30-31.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 ordinary eye without using binoculars and other tools is 7 degrees, not less than that.Meanwhile, to support the process of rukyat activities, the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation uses the Taqwīm al-Nayyirain ḥisāb contained in the book Iqadz al-Niyam.Lukmanul Hakim (Al-Marzūqiyyah Mosque Hukmiyyah Agency) added that the congregation of the Cipinang Muara Al-Marzūqiyyah Mosque, East Jakarta, often have differences in determining the start of the lunar month with the Indonesian Government, this is due to differences in the imkān al-rukyah criteria used.Jamaah al-Marzūqiyyah uses the imkān al-rukyah criteria from Teacher Marzuqi al-Bātāwī, namely a minimum height of the crescent Moon of 7 degrees. 29Meanwhile, the Indonesian Government uses the Imkān al-rukyah Neo MABIMS criteria, which were mutually agreed upon at the forum of the Ministers of Religion of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore on December 8 2021, namely a minimum height of the crescent Moon of 3 degrees and a minimum elongation angle of 6.4 degrees.
Knowing the differences between 1 Shawwal 1438 H above, as published on the viva.co.id news page, it is reported that the Indonesian Minister of Religion, Lukman Hakim Saifuddin, appealed to the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation to follow the Government's decision in carrying out the celebration of Eid al-Fitr 1438."I think as a minister, religion urges all Indonesian Muslims to obey and comply with our mutual agreement," said Lukman at the Indonesian Ministry of Religion office on Saturday, June 24 2017. 31Based on the attitude of the al-Marzūqiyyah congregation, which is still guided by the 7 degree imkān al-rukyah criteria in determining 1 Syawal 1438 AH above, the author explains the potential for togetherness or the potential for differences based on the use of the 7 degree Imkān al-rukyah criteria in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān.The following are the results of the initial calculations for Shawwal from 1424-1450 AH based on the Taqwīm al-Nayyirain ḥisāb (used in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān), the criteria for the form of al-hilāl (used in the Muhammadiyah calendar), the Neo MABIMS criteria for the height of the crescent Moon of 3 degrees and the elongation angle 6.4 degrees (used in the NU calendar and Standard Taqwim of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion), and also international date line criteria (Odeh criteria).

2. Thoughts of Imkān al-Rukyah Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī in the Book of Faḍl al- Raḥmān
Guru Khalid-Gondangdia, Guru Majid-Pekojan and Guru Mahmud-Menteng.11GuruMarzuqiwasborn on the evening of Sunday, 16 Ramadan 1294 H, coinciding with September 23 1877 AD, at 19.00 Isha time in Rawa Bangke (Meester Cornelis, Batavia), now known as Rawa Bunga, East Jakarta.Egypt and initially had business activities in Palembang and Padang; then, he bought several lands in Batavia and settled in Petamburan, where he built a mosque and began to study Islamic topics, especially astronomy.In a short time, 'Abdurraḥmān managed to find a suitable rukyat place in Betawi, so he adjusted the data by changing the Samarkand longitude Markaz to Betawi longitude.The arrival of 'Abdurraḥmān al-Miṣrī was the starting point for the development of astronomy in Indonesia.He taught astronomy with the Zīj he brought in Betawi City to several young scholars in Indonesia at that time, including Shaykh Ahmad Dahlan Tremas (authored the book Tadhkirah al-Ikhwān, Natījah al-Mīqāt, Bulūgh al-Waṭār, d. 1329 H/ 1911 AD), Ḥabīb 'Uthmān (wrote the books Īqāẓ al-Niyām and Tamyīz al-Ḥaqq, d. 1914 AD) and Abdul Hamid al-Damiri.Cikoko Pengadegan, South Jakarta, Cipinang Muara, Pisalo Basmol and around eighty lands of Klender, East Jakarta. 18uth about the existence of the book Īqāẓ al-Niyām before the book Sullam al-Nayyirayn in Betawi can be seen from the debate about the boundaries of Imkān al-rukyah between Abdul Hamid bin Muhammad al-Damiri and Ḥabīb 'Uthmān.Abdul Hamid stated that rukyat in hilāl conditions below 7 degrees is difficult, stipulation of 7 degrees, which Ḥabīb 'Uthmān said was dissatisfied by Mansur, became 5 degrees. 22s different from Ahmad Marzuqi's view.He rejected the testimony of two people who claimed to have succeeded in seeing the new Moon on Zulhijah 1350 AH (1931 AD) because the height of the new Moon was still 5 degrees, while Ḥabīb 'Uthmān's opinion stated that the imkān al-rukyah limit was 7 degrees.Ahmad Marzuqi's rejection of the testimony of two people who saw the new Moon was later expressed in his book entitled Faḍl al-Raḥmān fī Radd Man Radd Al-Marḥūm Sayyid 'Uthmān.23canberukyatevenif it is less than 7 degrees.While they were still alive, when the beginning of the month was determined, Betawi people would flock to them to find out the results of the ngeker Bulan or rukyah al-hilȃl that had been done.25Something is fascinating about the differences in rakyat al-hilȃl between the two groups, namely how they argue for different methodologies and results of rukyat.They follow the tradition of previous scholars, a tradition of debate that educates the people through writing (minutes).One of the treatizes on this debate was written by Guru Marzuqi with the title Faḍl al-Raḥmān fī Radd Man Radd al-Marḥūm Sayyid 'Uthmān.In general, in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān, Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī criticizes people who reject the fatwa of Ḥabīb 'Uthmān, who is one of the students and also the grandson of 'Abdurraḥmān Ibn Aḥmad al-Miṣrī.The following are several essential points of Ahmad Marzuqi's rebuttal from the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān, as follows: 26Third, the first Burhan from Ḥabīb 'Uthmān's side.This burhan comes from the opinion of the Betawi Penghulu, namely Haji Muhammad Hasan, who stated two burhan, namely aqli and naqli.For Burhan Aqli, namely the figure and expertise of Ḥabīb 'Uthmān in the field of religion, including falakiyah."Ḥabīb'Uthmān is one half of the family of Rasulullah SAW, who has extensive knowledge and many essays by Ahlusunnah wal Jama'ah.His teachers' great scholars have confirmed this and also confirmed scholars who were not his teachers, such as the scholars of Egypt, Mecca, Beirut and Hadramaut.And they praised him and prayed for him.And those who have good behaviour from tawadu', syuja'ah, fatonah and husnussiyasah until the deceased receive glory for this reason from the King and people accept his fatwa and all his laws throughout the country.So, every pious person with such a character is undoubtedly far from giving a fatwa or punishing ignorantly or with lust.So every believer and Muslim must help him, love and respect him and adhere firmly to all his fatwas, and it is never appropriate to change his fatwas and laws.So the person who blames him and adjusts it as if he is blaming Islamic scholars even blames Rasulullah SAW and blames Allah SWT." The six scholars include Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 Guru Marzuqi-Cipinang Muara, Guru Mansur-Jembatan Lima, Guru Mughni-Kuningan, 12 Guru Marzuqi is a scholar who is productive in writing books.The books written by Guru Marzuqi include fiqh, akhlak, creed and astronomy, including: (1) Zahrulbasātin fī bayān al-Dalā'il wa al-Barāhīn, (2) Tamrinulazhan al-'Ajmiyah fī Ma'rifati Tiraf Min al-Alfāẓ al-'Arabiyah, ( 3) Miftāḥ al-Fawz al-Abadī fi 'Ilm al-Fiqh al-Muḥammadī, (4) Tuḥfah al-Raḥmān fī Bayān Akhlāq al-Nabī Ākhir al-Zamān, (5) Sabīl al-Taqlīd, (6) Siraj al-Mubtadi, (7) Al-Risālah Balaghah Al-Betawi Asīrudhdhunīb wa Ahqaral 'Isāwī wa al-'Ibād, and (8) Faḍl al-Raḥmān.13One of Guru Marzuqi's phenomenal works in the field of astronomy is the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān, which discusses imkān al-rukyah in determining the beginning of the lunar month.Imkān al-rukyah Guru Marzuqi's thoughts, as written in the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān, are inseparable from the role of his teacher who taught him astronomy, namely Ḥabīb 'Uthmān Ibn 'Abdullāh Ibn 'Āqil IbnYaḥyā al-'Alawī (1822-1914 AD).Teacher Marzuqi studied with Ḥabīb 'Uthmān since he was 16.Young Marzuqi was known as one of the students who was very clever and had an intense memorization in studying all subject areas, such as monotheism, fiqh, tafsir, nahwu, mantiq, bayan, ma'ani, astronomy to various other religious disciplines.In the field of astronomy, Ḥabīb 'Uthmān compiled books entitled Īqāẓ al-Niyām (this book in detail and conventionally discusses issues relating to the new Moon) and Tamyīz al-Ḥaqq (this book is a shortened Malay version of Īqāẓ al-Niyām who speaks Arabic), these two books were taught to his students in the Jakarta area. 14 the book Īqāẓ al-Niyām, Ḥabīb 'Uthmān made a taqwīm al-nayyirayn schedule, which was mentalkhis (concluded) from the astronomical data of Zīj Ulugh Beik al-Samarqandi which 'Abdurraḥmān al-Miṣrī brought to Betawi. 15is 'Abdurraḥmān figure Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 comes from 16 In the book Īqāẓ al-Niyām, Ḥabīb 'Uthmān made a schedule and calculation Taqwīm al-Nayyirayn (in the form of jumali numbers) which is the astronomical data of Zīj Ulugh Beik al-Samarqandi that he got from 'Abdurraḥmān al-Miṣrī.Then one of his students named Abdul Majid bin Abdurrahman bin Sulaiman (Teacher Majid Pekojan) translated the data by writing a book, Taqwīm al-Nayyirain in Malay by Ali Wardi bin Abdul Ghani, to make it easier for the Betawi people to calculate the beginning of the lunar month.The Taqwīm al-Nayyirayn model of calculation written by Ḥabīb 'Uthmān in the book Īqāẓ al-Niyām is almost the same as the book Sullam al-Nayyirayn. 17itten by Mansur al-Bātāwī because they both take astronomical data from Zīj Ulugh Beik al-Samarqandi, only The difference in the minimum limit for the hilāl can be seen (imkān al-rukyah).Namely, Īqāẓ al-Niyām must be above 7 degrees, and Sullam al-Nayyirayn can be below 7 degrees, so the hilāl can be seen.The book Īqāẓ al-Niyām is widely developed in the Puteran Duri Hill area, Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 al-rukyah The book Faḍl al-Raḥmān is the work of Ahmad Marzuqi al-Bātāwī in the field of astronomy written in Malay.Guru Marzuqi completed this book on Sunday, 26 Syakban 1351 AH, then published it on 2 Ramadan 1351 AH, coinciding with December 30 1932 AD.At the end of this book, it is explained that he has confirmed the existence of this book of Faḍl al-Raḥmān, among others, al-Haj Abdul Muthalib ( head of Mester), al-Haj Muhammad Hasan (director of Betawi), al-Haj Muhammad Muktar (kadi of Mester) and al-Haj Muhammad Thohir (kadi of Mester). 24like other astronomical books which provide astronomical data and specific calculation algorithms, the book Faḍl al-Raḥmān does not explain this.As described above, this book was compiled based on differences of opinion in determining the start of the lunar month in Betawi at that time.The issue of differences in determining the beginning of the months of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijah in Betawi is not something new.As explained above, these differences have existed since the time of Ḥabīb 'Uthmān and Abdul Hamid.In the 1930s and even today, Betawi people were divided into two primary schools of thought, namely the Ḥabīb 'Uthmān 22 Manṣur, Mīzān Al-I'tidāl. 3. 23 Ahmad Marzuqi Al-Batāwi, Faḍl al-Raḥmān fi Radd Man Radd al-Marḥūm Sayyid 'Uthmān (Batavia: Toko Kitab Harun bin Ali Ibrahim, 1933).2-6. 24-Batāwi.7-8.Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023 that the hilāl First, the determination of the start of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijah, which has been taking place in Betawi, is carried out by the kadi (judge) with the sighting of the month imkān al-rukyah (the possibility of the new Moon being seen) or with istikmāl (filling in thirty days).According to teacher Marzuqi, if the Moon on a 30-day night is less than 7 degrees, it will be impossible to see.This provision has been in effect in Betawi for a very long time, up to nearly 100 years.Teacher Marzuqi explained that this decree complied with and followed the fatwa of Ḥabīb 'Uthmān.Second, after the death of Ḥabīb 'Uthmān, a cleric named al-Hajj Muhammad Mansur Kampung Sawah Betawi (Teacher Mansur) held a gathering (committee) in 1933, which resulted in several decisions including (1) The Moon (hilāl) must still be seen even though the height is less than 7 degrees and (2) Must accept witnesses who claim to see the Moon on the night of 30 days, even though the Moon is less than 7 degrees unconditionally'is (just) and muru'ah (noble morals).This is the main issue of the dispute between these two parties, namely at the imkān al-rukyah level, with each having hujjah (proof) and burhan (evidence).Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy, Vol. 5, No. 2, Year 2023

Table 1
Comparison of the calculation of the beginning of Shawwal 1424-1450 H