Gender Relations During Pandemic Era in Indonesia: Negotiation and Resistance of Urban Woman Workers at Work From Home (WFH) in Family

: This study discussed the condition of urban women workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, a new condition (new normal) that changes many human activities. Through this study, women were not only seen as objects of domestication, exploitation of workers, verbal or physical violence, and other discriminatory behavior. However, the study revealed another position of women as active subjects in negotiating between their domestic and public roles. The new condition during the pandemic (approximately two years) had certainly changed women's work from home activities with their families. Using qualitative methods with in-depth interviews, the researchers mapped out a new condition for women who could negotiate and resist during a pandemic in the family. This study was conducted in Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik with the subjects of working mothers. This study concluded that the practice of negotiating and resisting the role of urban woman workers often occurred. It meant that gender roles or relations were not static but were always in the process of being.


Introduction
A Report on Global Gender Gap released by the World Economic Forum/WEF reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic had pushed back progress in years toward gender equality. One area experiencing a decline is inequality in the workplace. In its report, WEF stated that although inequality had improved by 58%, it still took 267.6 years to achieve equality. In the context of Indonesia, the current situation is better than in the past, but the changes are not too significant. Inequality in Indonesia ranked 101 out of 156 countries and ranked 99 in the dimensions of women's economic participation and opportunity on the Index based on the 2021 Global Gender Inequality Index. 1 This condition confirms that the discussion on the role of women in Indonesia is interesting and relevant.
The discussion on the role of women is still worthy of being used as a study amid the dominance of patriarchal culture. Karen J Warren (1988) said that this relationship is closely related to the construction of society formed by values, beliefs, education, and behavior that uses a patriarchal framework, where there is justification for the relationship of domination and subordination, oppression of women by men. 2 This condition becomes relevant in the Indonesian context that patriarchal culture is still influential and alive. This condition often strengthens and even crystallizes when there is a societal crisis. The crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the conditions for women to face a new condition. In the context of Indonesia, the crisis forced the government to set a policy of social restrictions.

__________
The Covid-19 pandemic forced Indonesia to implement a system of Large-Scale Social Restrictions to implement Restrictions on Community Activities. Several big cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung had implemented these restrictions to suppress the spread of Covid-19. However. These restrictions had a micro to macro impact. It was proven that the country's economy contracted by -5.32% in the second quarter, and only three sectors experienced an increase, namely agriculture (16.24%) and information and communication (3.44%). The deepest contraction of water supply (1.28%) was experienced by the transportation and warehousing sector (-29.22%). 3 Besides, the release of data from the Ministry of Manpower as of May 1, 2020 explained that 1,032,960 formal workers were laid off, 375,165 formal sector workers were laid off (PHK), and 314,833 informal system workers were affected by Covid-19, the total number of formal and informal sector workers affected by 722,958. 4 Furthermore, those still working and not laid off or furloughed would experience a pay cut. 5 On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed many orders in culture, politics, and religion. The occurrence of massive changes that caused a new condition was known as the new normal. 6 In the conditions under the policy that required many activities to shift at home, there had been a decrease in the amount of income economically. The impact had implications for cases of Domestic Violence. As a result, there was increased stress in many families in Indonesia. 7 In this condition, women often experienced violent acts and discrimination.  /10.15408/adalah.v4i1.15752. 6 The term 'New Normal' was first used by Roger Mc Namee, "a technology investor," who reviewed it in an article by Polly La Barre entitled "The New Normal" in Fast Company magazine on April 30, 2003. According to Roger Mc Namee, who coined the term. The 'New Normal' is the time when it is likely to be given new rules for long term. In the "New Normal' it was more important to do things right than to give in the tyranny of urgency.

__________
Throughout 2020-2021, Komnas Perempuan summarized various reports of personal relationship events between husband and wife, love affairs, and personal relationships in the community. The context of the report content was more related to the violence against women. Violence experienced can be in the form of physical or verbal violence. The data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection noted that there were 4,696 cases of violence against women and children from January 1 to May 19, 2021. Of these, the majority or 2,742 cases of violence occurred in the household. 8 The discussion of the data above was interesting to pay attention to the gender relation during the pandemic. The pattern of gender relations in the family was inseparable from the influence of the socio-cultural conditions of the community exist. 9 The pattern of gender relations in a society that adhered to a patriarchal cultural system could certainly be different from a society that adhered to a matriarchal cultural system. While a patriarchal society places the husband or the man in the dominant position as a regulator and decision maker in his family. On the other hand, the wife or woman was placed in the second position that did not have the authority to make the decisions In the Javanese proverb, "swargo nunut neroko katut". In this context, public affairs or more comprehensive social affairs become the husband's authority. On the other hand, if the wife is involved in social affairs, it is only about matters relating to domestic affairs. A society that adheres to a matriarchal system is the opposite, placing a woman in a dominant position who is authorized to regulate and make decisions in the family and take care of all the affairs of the extended family. The Javanese tribal community widely adopts the patriarchal cultural system. Meanwhile, the matriarchal system is adopted by the Minangkabau tribal community. 9 __________ 8 Cindy Mutia Annur, 'Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan Dan Anak Banyak Terjadi Di Rumah', https://katadata.co.id/, 2021, https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/05/20/kekerasan-terhadap-perempuandan-anak-banyak-terjadi-di-rumah. 9 Stephen K. Sanderson, Sosiologi Makro, Sebuah Pendekatan Terhadap Realitas Sosial, trans. S. Menno and Farid Wajidi (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2003).

Violence and Discrimination against Women
In terms of gender relations during the pandemic, the conditions in which women experienced discrimination were illustrated. Saraswathi and Susrama, in their study, stated that during the pandemic, women played more roles in having the needs of children in terms of parenting, nutrition, psychology, and education. 10 In line with Kamila that the policy of working from home required the women to be able to the condition of children's learning motivation to remain effective. 11 Ahmad et al showed that women need to balance office work and household work since the fact is that when women work at home, the working hours would be longer (unlimited). 12 It certainly added three times the burden on women, especially for career women. Sari and Zufar explained the level of difficulty of women as breadwinners during the pandemic. 13 Haekal et al on the dual role of women working from home 14 and KND Mc Laren et al who photographed the triple workload of women during the pandemic in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Australia. 15 In addition to the increased workload, women also often experienced violence. WJ Collins et al in their book Covid-19 and the Gender Gap in Work Hours, explain the existence of government policies that still gender biased and turn a blind eye to the gap in domestic work between men and women. 16

__________
Akuoko et al proved that women working from home are faced with difficult and conflicting roles that put more pressure on women during the pandemic. Meanwhile, women unable to access social support continue to be stressed and burdened in an effort to combine family, parenting, and career roles that ultimately affect their overall well-being. 17 Solórzano et al emphasized the existence of a quarantine policy at home, or working from home for husbands and wives; then, the house is present to show its paradoxical function by becoming a new room for violence against women. Solorzano et al revealed that Ecuador has the highest violence against women. 18 Mc Laren et al revealed that of the four countries, namely Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Australia, that were sampled in their study, it showed the triple burden of women, Malaysia occupied the most extreme country. 19 Considering Malaysia as a country with a strongly patriarchal culture, the role of women is more centered at home, regardless of their position as housewives or career women. The government only allows the head of the family (male) to leave the house, for example, to buy the necessities of life. Meanwhile, a woman with a job, such as a health worker, must spend the days at risk. It could get fines or lawsuits from the security forces who oversee the quarantine policy of the region. 20 Of course, this policy negatively impacts individual woman and their families and also Meanwhile, Muhammad, in his study at the Rifka Annisa Women's Crisis Center, specifically pointed to the existence of a single factor causing violence against women, namely because of socio-cultural factors or because of the imbalance of power relations that led to women's subordination. 21 Many studies explained that women often experienced discrimination and violence during the pandemic. Women in a social context were positioned as passive objects, whereas the prevailing social situation and structure always left room for resistance and negotiation. This study proved this. It meant many results of a survey of the position of women during the pandemic. This study showed new results regarding women's active and dominant role in gender relations during the pandemic. This study was conducted in Surabaya, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The reasons for conducting a study in these three areas were the implementation of large-scale social restrictions and the implementation of level 4 Community Activity Restrictions. On this basis, explaining gender relations in the family when work-at-home policies were implemented in several areas in East Java became relevant and exciting.

The Power of Urban Working Women
Angela Mc. Robbie said that women in the era must have the courage to choose the life they want to live and that individuals must now choose the kind of life they want to live. 22 In line with Mc. Robbie, Butler said there should be no reason for women to be afraid to vote because no regime has the full power to say something is wrong or deviant. Butler said; "I opposed those regimes of truth that stipulated that certain gendered expressions were found to be false or derivatives, and the others, true and original". 23 Butler's opinion can be a foothold that women can choose to be themselves or live life the way they want. Not only because the social construction has given them a particular identity, but not because they are objects that are monitored to always act as should women "should". Working from home for women creates new relationships in the family; urban women can find a middle ground that allows them to be who they want to be.
A phenomenological study on the meaning of working for women entrepreneurs explains that there are three meanings when women work, first as a form of worship to be a wife while contributing to the family economy, secondly working, as an effort to achieve prosperity, and thirdly as an effort to be independent in terms of material things both in supporting themselves, alone or not depending on the husband. Meanwhile, the meaning of work is defined as a set of values, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations that people have for work. 24 Aisyah, in "Gender Relations in Family Institutions (Social Theory and Feminism Views)," asserts that every theory, both structural-functional, conflict and feminist theories, recognizes that socio-cultural construction has a significant influence on the divisional roles played by men (husbands) and women (wives) in the family institution. It means that socio-cultural development plays a vital role in creating contributing relationships between men and women in the institutional family, or inequality occurs. 25 It means that they are both active subjects. It is different from Sih Natalia Sukmi in "Narrative of the Power of online business woman" by discusses the power theory of Michel Foucault and Gramsci's approach to understanding how women use power in their interactions with technology and the patriarchal system as well as the more comprehensive socio-cultural system. The results of his study show that women have control over technology. He gets practical advantages such as generating income, being more valued, and being able to interact with the outside environment. However, it is faced with the patriarchal system and the more comprehensive social system, and women are, in fact, powerless. She is hegemonized with her female status by calling herself "not a worker", only "adding to her husband's income," and remains a double burden to maintain the balance of the domestic and public spheres. 26

Method
This study used a qualitative method with the phenomenological approach based on the subjective or phenomenological experience of the individual. It focused on human subjective experiences and stories and the interpretation of the implementation in the world. 27 The subjects in this study were urban woman workers in Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo, who have taken purposively identifying them. From the basic data, 15 informants were determined who, in their explanations, showed the relationships tended to be equal or dominant to their partners. The selection of the three regions was based on restrictive policies and patterns of work from home and workplace institutions, especially in urban areas. In addition, the Gender Development Index (IPG) in 2020 in East Java has decreased from 90.91 to 90.07 where there are 2 regions (Surabaya and Gresik have decreased). Meanwhile, the specific criteria for informants in this study were women who worked formally and applied to work from home. Determining the informant, the researcher can focus on resistance practice and negotiation. In that context, researchers use Butler's theory.
The data was from depth interviews with informants to be more accurate and valid because it corresponded to the phenomenon experienced directly. The researcher serves as the main device, sampling data sources was carried out purposively, snowballs, collection techniques by triangulation (combined), data analysis was inductive or qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasized the meaning or findings of the phenomenon. The process of inductive data analysis started from specific themes to general themes and interpreted the meaning of the data.

Gender Relations during Work from Home (WFH)
In the initial observation process through a questionnaire, 50 informants were filling out the form. From these informants, it was finally identified that 35 people often experienced discriminatory actions and were unable to act actively. The informant emphasized that women often experienced discriminatory actions during the pandemic, both from family and office policies. Discriminatory actions can take the form of additional office burdens, unfair policies to acts of symbolic or physical violence. It was illustrated that the 35 informants above were the same as many of the studies described above. The women often experienced unequal and unfair actions.
While on the other hand, 15 women tend to be active and even dominant in family relationships. These 15 informants were the focus of this study. This study described the interesting findings about gender relations during a pandemic. Women were not passive subjects and tended to surrender to the domination of patriarchal culture. From the initial questionnaire, 3 typologies of women workers were mapped during the pandemic. The informants can be categorized into 3 types: (1) Dominated, (2) Active, and (3) Dominant. The Dominated Type was a woman still considered and held a patriarchal Javanese tradition. In addition, there was religious authority understood in a patriarchal way.
Meanwhile, the Active type was a woman who tried to adapt their roles and negotiate culture. Especially in the relationship with men/husbands, the dominant type was a woman who played a very strong position and could get out of the shackles of patriarchy. Therefore, at this level, as Foucault said that power would always give birth to anti-power. "Surveillance can be turned to counter-surveillance," 28 . The 15 women in this study illustrated this point. In detail, several active and dominant roles during the pandemic are described.
Conceptually, this active role was reflected in its relations in the areas of childcare relations, adaptation to new jobs, and family decisions on health and education. In this context, women tend to be active and dominant in determining and giving advice to their partners.
For example, 12 informants tend to actively share roles with their husbands regarding the child care process. Pandemic conditions tend to make parenting patterns conducted by the family itself. The reason was the activities' limitation and concern over environmental conditions due to the high number of Covid-19 transmissions. Under these conditions, childcare hours were regulated. One example occurred in informants NN and HW. She and her husband arranged a babysitting schedule. Considering that their child has just started elementary school and the child needs assistance. Then the hour set was programmed to accompany the child. In the morning, she was guarded by her, and in the afternoon, while attending the reciting Qur'an, her husband had a turn to look after. The 12 informants above, based on the results of the interviews, had an agreement on time in parenting. Of course, this was different from other informants who handled the process of caring for their children as babysitters and household assistants.
The previous study explained that the meeting needed parenting, health, nutrition, ands psychological care for children. They were also concerned that it could be an essential thing to be cared for by their parents, especially mothers (women). 29 It meant that for working mothers (career women) that is undoubtedly an additional job that must be completed at home to make children's learning effective at home so that the two go hand in hand. 30 If it was quantified, women's workload has tripled, including earning a living. 31 However, it was not the case for the 12 informants in this study. They were active subjects that tried to negotiate with their husbands. The division of roles was unlike the traditional Indonesian family on the division of labor, which allowed for gender. The women did domestic work, and the men did not. The data from one of the informants; below is evidence of the expression regarding the division of work roles. I (private teacher) and my husband (private teacher) had been undergoing WFH since July 2020 with children (elementary school age) together who were studying from home. I usually put in daycare when I was at work, but now I have to accompany the children home because daycare is closed. As a result, my routine was tighter because I had to attend my children to school and study longer than I would teach. Then it was followed by cooking and usual home activities. It was exhausting because the work was endless. However, that's all we can handle because we shared the schedule with our husbands. Not infrequently, the husband also cooked; we took turns. Sometimes I also bought gallons from Indomaret minimarket as long as this walk was fine. 32 JW, a mother who works in a private hospital in Surabaya, also expressed this. She has to share the role with her husband, who works as a lecturer. Regarding the division of roles, he mentioned the percentage of work roles.
During WFH, I divided some household chores between my husband and I; the portion was approximately 50:50. So that I could finish my work, my husband could work quietly. 33 The description above confirmed that there was an effort with their partner to start adapting themselves to the conditions of working at home. There was a bargaining process in the division of roles in settlement of household affairs. It meant there was a dynamic process of gender relations in the family. The gender relationships in this context were the concept of social relations between men and women based on quality, skills, roles and functions Apart from children's care, one of the problems families often faced during a pandemic was the issue of adapting to a new job. Work usually done in the office had now shifted significantly to home. There were 5 informants who confirmed that the shift from work to home made them more dominant. They considered that the house had been their dominant area. When the husband moved into the house, the husband was obliged to follow the rules. ER, one of the informants, explained that the pandemic period made him play many roles related to family matters. The pandemic had reduced economic income. Since there was a reduction in salary from both offices related to this, it was illustrated that women were more dominant and had better adaptations.
The reduction in salary from the office made me think hard about additional income. I sold online, and the results were good for an additional family. 35 The same was also conveyed by family, a private employee at a company in Gresik. He had a side business during the pandemic. Her ability to make cakes and other snacks was used to increase her income.
"During the pandemic, I made a snack market. The process of making it is on Saturday and Sunday. Therefore, I made a pre-order. The results were quite helpful for the family economy." 36 The description above confirmed that women's adaptation to new jobs tends to be better. It was in line with the study results of LPEM FEB UI with Tokopedia. In the study, it was explained that women showed sensitivity and responsiveness in overcoming problems in a pandemic. Even though the data showed that 5% of women lost their jobs during the pandemic, compared to 3.9% of men, during the pandemic, in this emergency, women were quicker to respond and provide solutions in the business sector. More women started businesses than men during the pandemic.
Another description that made the women very dominant is that women were often said to be subordinated because of the double workload. Especially __________ when it came to poverty, as in Fitri's study, it was explained that a house was a place to study and work at certain hours to no-limited time was certainly a more complicated issue for couples who were still living in a big family house. Especially if they were in a family position that was not too well off where the house is limited in small space, they had difficulty finding a private room that could be used for work. 37 The problem of poverty was indeed vulnerable for women. However, from the description of the informants above, it can be seen that women can become dominant and actively negotiate their roles with their partners.
From this description, women became very dominant. The work area division was no longer absolute in the hands of men. The implication of the above was related to the determination of education and family health issues. For health issues during the pandemic, women became the subjects that actively protested against family health. YG, one of the informants, explained that all his family members had to take vitamins. He expressed this directly and did not hesitate to reprimand his entire family if he forgot to take the vitamin.
My family's health matters are rather strict. All I have to do is live clean and diligently take vitamins. 38 HS informants did the same thing. Apart from health issues, education is also one of the things to be considered. She often has a dialogue with her husband regarding her child's education fate. This happened because her first child was entering junior high school. There are often disputes between couples regarding the choice of school.
At first, his father wanted his son to go to a public school. But I refused. I am more comfortable in Islamic private schools. Since there is religious content. After discussion, the husband finally agreed to go to a religious school. 39 In addition to the two informants above, 7 informants were similar in determining the health and education of their children. They described how active they were in gender relations. In the family context, women were not only complementary, such as the Javanese creed (wells, mattresses, kitchens). They were active and became an essential part of determining the family's fate. Equal and active relationships were depicted in the lives of the informants above. This was certainly in line with Parsons; the family was like a warmblooded animal that can maintain its body temperature to remain constant even though environmental conditions change. It did not mean that the family was always static and could not change, but that it constantly adapted smoothly to the environment or, in Parson's language, that was called dynamic equilibrium. 40 Moreover, the position of the informants as working women that their ability to generate money for family income was one of the tools of women's power in influencing the interaction patterns of women and men in family relationships to provide space for negotiation and resistance to gender relations with husbands in the family. Since husbands whose wives could generate their income were more appreciative of their wives. 41

Women's Negotiation and Resistance
Discriminatory practices occurred among some women workers, but some women were able to build relationships differently. The practice of negotiation and role resistance often occurred, and the study showed that gender roles or relations are not static but are always in the process of being. Most informants stated that they did domestic work more dominantly than their husbands, but they admitted that they still had a good relationship with their partners.
However, several other informants in the management of his household stated that while working at home, there was a division of labor roles between partners. They did the household chores with a 50:50 portion. The informants who stated that there was a shift in gender relations in their households during the pandemic were those with an average monthly wage of 2-3 million in the formal sector, followed by other informants under 2 million. It meant that the condition that female urban workers with a wage position equal to or slightly greater than their husbands (men) indicated the existence of women's bargaining power in negotiating and their resistance in family relations with their husbands. Therefore, women's independence and economic power impact their ability to organize equal power relations with their partners.
In other conditions, informants who stated that their husbands were affected by the pandemic through termination of employment (PHK) and salary reductions admitted that there was a transfer process (transition) of domestic tasks from wives (urban women workers) to husbands.
My husband had to switch jobs to online motorcycle taxis (gojek) due to termination of employment (PHK), so the freer portion of his time ended up being done by his husband so that I could still work for the family's economic income. 42 In addition, in the negotiation process on gender relations during the pandemic, Michelet explained that now the practice of consumption and choosing certain products can be a politics of product. Since "every product was embedded in a political context". 43 This practice showed that the women were able to regulate how women were dominant in choosing vitamins and food products for the family. There was a new rule for renegotiating household affairs. It was managed initially by women but is distributed to men now. Economic affairs were one of the main triggers that changed the gender relations in the household, especially during the pandemic. In the context of this study, this was referred to as the practice of negotiation in the family.
In addition, this study also described how women could get out of the shackles of patriarchy. Foucault said that power would always give birth to antipower. Some of the things that were trying to be opposed are social structures that tend to place domesticated women to do domestic stuff at home. In addition, previous data also explained that it was not only men who determined the essential matters related to the family's fate. Several informants described how they were able to resist the existing patriarchal culture. There were efforts to build equal relations between men and women during the pandemic. This study also tried to show it during the pandemic. The women were powerless and often experienced discrimination that was not entirely true. Informants in this study indicated that they could resist the existing social conditions.

From Vulnerable to Resistant: The Position of Working Women amid the Covid Pandemic
This study's description of negotiations and resistance related to gender relations during the pandemic explained how women were not passive subjects. Some respondents were able to negotiate the division of domestic tasks and meet the economic needs of the household. The concept of vulnerability, as opposed to the idea of passive victimization, explained how women were able to turn vulnerability into part of the resistance effort itself 44 . This concept explained how our relationship with the environment opened up opportunities for vulnerability to become a space that could respond and accept existing conditions by mobilizing vulnerability itself and becoming a base of power. Therefore, the vulnerability did not need effort to overcome them. However, it was assumed that he was in the same position, with a different shape, and modified the form of an attitude of resistance. Based on Butler's reconceptualization, the result showed that the resistance did not need the conflict with vulnerability. 45 Traditionally, the vulnerability had been addressed to women associated with the job gives the responsibility to "take care" (both in the household, children, and formal employment). This responsibility was exacerbated by the division of paid and unpaid work. In the world of work, they were represented as those who carried the image of being more caring, a figure of protector for others, and similar unpaid household work 4647 . Therefore, it was supported by the current pandemic conditions, the jobs assigned to these women was becoming more real.
The image of the responsibility to "care more, be more nurturing" imposed on women became a powerful way to provide agency space and strengthen the justification for this task 4849 . According to Collins, the task of nurturing women's work is an important reason for creating political institutions. 50 It was the answer to the dilemma of vulnerability to women embodied in the core of the nurturing ethic.
Care work cannot be ignored or shunted into the private realm. Instead, it is a central fact of the human condition and one of the primary reasons human beings create political institutions. Responses to vulnerability enacted in responsibility forms are considered the core of care ethics. 51 The position of women in the existing data meant that a form of ethics to improve or even create a better life, both from a social and economic perspective.
According to Tronto, caring is an action comprised of everything people do to maintain, continue, and repair their "world" (including our bodies, ourselves, and our environment) to live in it as well as possible. 52 Women, in many studies, were in a vulnerable position, especially during the pandemic. This study showed that women could be active subjects in a pandemic era. They were able to negotiate and even resist the patriarchal social construction. Women were able to build equal relations, and in specific contexts, they were often very dominant. The activity of working at home became a new space for women to actualize themselves in the social structure of the family.

Conclusion
There are three types of power relations between urban women workers while working at home in the family, namely: (1) dominated, (2) active, and (3)  not act actively. The informant emphasized that women often experienced discriminatory actions during the pandemic, both from family and office policies. Discriminatory actions can take the form of additional office burdens, unfair policies to acts of symbolic or physical violence.
It is called dominated, and there are 15 which represent the active and dominant types. The discussion in this study focuses on 15 types of active and dominant women. This study illustrates how women become active and dominant when working at home. It relates to child-rearing, adaptation to new ways of working, and health and education decisions within the family.
This study describes how women can practice resistance and negotiation over the existing patriarchal culture. There are efforts to build equal relations between men and women during the pandemic. The findings of this study show that women are as active subjects in contrast to many previous studies. The activity of working at home during the pandemic has become a new space for women to actualize themselves in the social structure of the family. An area that seeks to build equal and non-discriminatory relations.
This study even further shows how the vulnerability embedded in a woman's image as a worker in the domestic and formal sector became a power base to do such resistance. As a worker who acts as the sole breadwinner, the woman has a space to strengthen her role to "nurture" and fulfill her own and kid's need as a form of ethics and create political institutions at the same time.