SCHARBRODT, Oliver. “On the Rise of States and Their Downfall”: Muhammad ’Abduh’s Discourse on Civilization in His Early Journalistic Works (1876-1882). Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, [S. l.], v. 33, n. 1, p. 99–121, 2025. DOI: 10.21580/ws.33.1.26325. Disponível em: https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/walisongo/article/view/26325. Acesso em: 22 oct. 2026.