Criminology and Fiqh Jinayah Perspectives on Deterrence Morality Gap in Crime Prevention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/walrev.2026.8.1.31203Abstract
Deterrence theory has long dominated modern criminal policy by assuming that severe punishment rationally suppresses crime; however, contemporary realities marked by impulsivity, structural inequality, and weakened law enforcement legitimacy challenge this premise. This study critically examines the limits of deterrence through an epistemological dialogue between modern criminology and fiqh jināyah, aiming to reformulate its policy implications. Using normative juridical research with conceptual, philosophical, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes legal materials and recent criminological literature through qualitative synthesis. The findings identify the Deterrence Morality Gap, defined as the disjunction between punishment severity and individuals’ moral, psychological, and social capacity to respond to it as an effective deterrent. In response, fiqh jināyah offers an alternative preventive paradigm through al-zajr wa al-ra’d and tahdzīb al-nafs, positioning punishment as ultimum remedium oriented toward maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. The novelty of this research lies in integrating criminological critiques with fiqh jināyah into a unified analytical framework, contributing to the reconstruction of punishment theory and the development of more legitimate, humanistic, and sustainable criminal policies.
Teori deterrence selama ini menjadi fondasi utama kebijakan pidana modern dengan asumsi bahwa ancaman pidana berat mampu menekan kejahatan melalui kalkulasi rasional pelaku. Namun, realitas kejahatan kontemporer yang dipengaruhi impulsivitas, ketimpangan struktural, dan lemahnya legitimasi penegakan hukum menunjukkan rapuhnya asumsi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji secara kritis keterbatasan teori deterrence melalui dialog epistemologis antara kriminologi modern dan fiqh jināyah untuk mereformulasi arah kebijakan peradilan pidana. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, filosofis, dan komparatif, berbasis bahan hukum primer, sekunder, serta literatur kriminologi mutakhir yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya Deterrence Morality Gap, yakni jurang antara logika pemidanaan dan kebutuhan pencegahan berbasis keadilan substantif, kemaslahatan publik, dan rekonstruksi moral. Fiqh jināyah menawarkan kerangka pencegahan yang lebih komprehensif melalui prinsip al-zajr wa al-rad‘ dan tahdzīb al-nafs, dengan pidana sebagai ultimum remedium berorientasi pada maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan konseptual Deterrence Morality Gap sebagai kritik integratif terhadap pemidanaan berbasis ancaman. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan teori pemidanaan dan reformulasi kebijakan pidana yang lebih legitim, humanis, dan berkelanjutan.
Keywords: deterrence morality gap; severe punishment, criminology; fiqh jinayah.
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