PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, MINERAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL  CHARACTERIZATION OF RESIDUAL SEEDS AND PODS OF PIGMENT EXTRACTED ANNATTO (BIXA ORELLANA L.)

Ebenezer Olanrewaju Aluko; Abayomi Olagundoye Adetuyi; Ezekiel Omotoso

doi:10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22353

Authors

Ebenezer Olanrewaju Aluko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220001, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6417-1557
Abayomi Olagundoye Adetuyi Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340282, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9625-4930
Ezekiel Omotoso Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220001, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-5845

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v8i1.22353

Keywords:

bioactive, environmental, natural dye, seeds and pods residues, sustainability, waste valorization

Abstract

In natural dye extraction, plant residues are often discarded, raising environmental and sustainable practices concerns. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the nutrient, mineral, and phytochemical profiles of residual seeds and pods from Bixa orellana after pigment extraction for the purpose of waste management. Proximate analysis revealed significant differences between seeds and pods in moisture, ash, protein, crude fibre, and carbohydrate contents, while fat content showed no significant variation. The seeds contained moisture (6.32±0.10%), ash (4.10±0.29%), crude fat (4.10±0.08%), crude protein (16.31±0.04%), crude fibre (11.67±0.10%), and carbohydrates (57.48±0.50%), while the corresponding values for the pods were 9.05±0.03%, 3.40±0.21%, 4.35±0.11%, 10.52±0.04%, 41.63±0.20%, and 31.05±0.15%, respectively. Mineral analysis showed high concentrations of magnesium (12.003 mg/g) in seeds and calcium (52.011 mg/g) in pods, while chromium was absent in seeds but detected in pods (0.002 mg/g). Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids as the most abundant compound in both seeds (8.9±1.6 mg/g) and pods (7.2±0.4 mg/g), while flavonoids were the least (1.8±0.1 mg/g and 1.3±0.1 mg/g, respectively). ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions, highlighting the nutritional and bioactive potential of both seeds and pods residues. These findings suggest that residual seeds and pods of Bixa orellana are valuable, rich in nutrients and minerals resources with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, promoting waste valorization and sustainability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ebenezer Olanrewaju Aluko, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220001

Graduate (PhD) Student, Department of Chemistry

Abayomi Olagundoye Adetuyi, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340282

Professor of Dye and Textile Chemistry

Ezekiel Omotoso, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220001

Doctor of Solid and Material Physics, Senior Lecturer

References

AC, A. (2006). Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International.

Agidew, M. G. (2022). Phytochemical analysis of some selected traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00770-8

Aluko, E. (2024). Ethanol-Based Extraction of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) and Characterization of the Bixin and Norbixin. ACS omega, 9(16), 18273-18277.

Aluko, E. O., Adetuyi, A. O., & Omotoso, E. (2024). Antibacterial Activity of Residual Seeds and Pods of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) After Pigment Extraction. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, 7(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v7i2.22354

Chen, K., Wang, N., Zhang, X., Wang, M., Liu, Y., & Shi, Y. (2023). Potentials of saponins-based adjuvants for nasal vaccines. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1153042.

Ciosek, Ż., Kot, K., Kosik-Bogacka, D., Łanocha-Arendarczyk, N., & Rotter, I. (2021). The effects of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, fluoride, and lead on bone tissue. Biomolecules, 11(4), 506. doi: 10.3390/biom11040506.

de Moraes, SA (2007). Agroindustrial by-products and external indicators of apparent digestibility in goats

Dike, I. P., Ibojo, O. O., Daramola, F. Y., & Omonhinmin, A. C. (2016). Phytochemical and proximate analysis of foliage and seed of Bixa orellana linn. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, 36(2), 247-251.

El-Olemy, M. M., Al-Muhtadi, F. J., & Afifi, A. F. A. (1994). Experimental phytochemistry: A laboratory manual. King Saud University Press.

Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Fraga-Corral, M., Otero, P., Echave, J., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Carpena, M., Jarboui, A., ... & Prieto, M. A. (2021). By-products of agri-food industry as tannin-rich sources: A review of tannins’ biological activities and their potential for valorization. Foods, 10(1), 137.

Habboubi, B. (2020). Bixa orellana L. pods and seeds: nutritional and chemical characterization, bioactivity studies, and development of a carotenoid-based food colorant (Master's thesis, Instituto Politecnico de Braganca (Portugal)).

Heinrich, M., Mah, J., & Amirkia, V. (2021). Alkaloids used as medicines: Structural phytochemistry meets biodiversity—An update and forward look. Molecules, 26(7), 1836. doi: 10.3390/molecules26071836.

Kumar, P. S., Reddy, Y. R., Ramesh, S., Gobinath, S., & Ramana, D. B. V. (2007). Evaluation of Pigment Extracted Annatto Seed (Bixa orellana) By Chemical, In-Vitroand In-Sacco Techniques In Buffaloes. Buffalo Bulleitn Ibic, Kasetsart University, Po Box 1084 Bangkok 10903, Thailand, 26(1), 5

Lee, H., & Kang, E. (2014). Dyeing of cotton fabrics using residual parts of cultivated Pteridium aquilinum. Textile Coloration and Finishing, 26(1), 53-62. doi: 10.5764/TCF.2014.26.1.53

Melissa, A. V., Maria I. L. R., José Antônio, B. N. and Maria L. R. M. (2005). Food Science Technology (Campinas), vol.35 no.2. Campinas.

Ndam, L. M., Mih, A. M., Fongod, A. G. N., Tening, A. S., Tonjock, R. K., Enang, J. E., & Fujii, Y. (2014). Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Cameroonian medicinal plants. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 3(12), 768-778.

Osman, A. I., Nasr, M., Farghali, M., Rashwan, A. K., Abdelkader, A., Al-Muhtaseb, A. A. H., ... & Rooney, D. W. (2024). Optimizing biodiesel production from waste with computational chemistry, machine learning and policy insights: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 22(3), 1005-1071. doi: 10.1007/s10311-024-01700-y

Pizzicato, B., Pacifico, S., Cayuela, D., Mijas, G., & Riba-Moliner, M. (2023). Advancements in sustainable natural dyes for textile applications: A review. Molecules, 28(16), 5954.doi: 10.3390/molecules28165954

Prabhakara Rao, P., Narsing Rao, G., Jyothirmayi, T., Satyanarayana, A., Karuna, M. S. L., & Prasad, R. B. N. (2015). Characterisation of Seed Lipids from Bixa orellana and Trachyspermum copticum. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92, 1483-1490.

Rahim MA, Ayub H, Sehrish A, Ambreen S, Khan FA, Itrat N, Nazir A, Shoukat A, Shoukat A, Ejaz A, Özogul F, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM. Essential Components from Plant Source Oils: A Review on Extraction, Detection, Identification, and Quantification. Molecules. 2023 Sep 29;28(19):6881. doi: 10.3390/molecules28196881.

Raju, S. K., Chandrasekar, S., Vengadhajalapathy, P., Sundaram, R., Periyasamy, S., Chinnaraj, T., ... & Kumar, S. (2022). Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana L. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 10(2), 57-67.

Rather, L. J., & Mohammad, F. (2016). Phytochemistry, biological activities and potential of annatto in natural colorant production for industrial applications–A review. Journal of advanced research, 7(3), 499-514.

Siddiqui, A. A., & Ali, M. (1997). Practical pharmaceutical chemistry. CBS Publishers & Distributors.

Skene, C. D., & Sutton, P. (2006). Saponin-adjuvanted particulate vaccines for clinical use. Methods, 40(1), 53-59.

Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2017). Principles of Instrumental Analysis (7th Ed.). Cengage Learning.

Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal plants and medicine in Africa. John Willey Spectrum, Ibadan Nigeria, 281-285.

Ulbricht, C., Windsor, R. C., Brigham, A., Bryan, J. K., Conquer, J., Costa, D., ... & Weissner, W. (2012). An evidence-based systematic review of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 9(1), 57-77.

Valério, M. A., Ramos, M. I. L., Braga, J. A., & Macedo, M. L. R. (2015). Annatto seed residue (Bixa orellana L.): nutritional quality. Food Science and Technology (Campinas), 35(2), 326-330. doi: 10.1590/1678-457X.6539.

Ventosa, E. (2018). Bixa orellana (annatto). CABI. org. https://www. cabi. org/isc/datasheet/9242. Accessed March, 22, 2024.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines - 21st List. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOMVPEMPIAU2019.06 on 28/06/2024

Yang, R., Zhang, Y., Ranjitkar, S., Li, M., Guo, Y., Yan, X., ... & Yang, L. (2021). Reusing wasteroot of Rubia wallichiana dyeing from Monpa of Tibet in China. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 14331. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93848-8

Zheng, Y., Yates, M., Aung, H., Cheng, Y. S., Yu, C., Guo, H., ... & Jenkins, B. M. (2011). Influence of moisture content on microbial activity and silage quality during ensilage of food processing residues. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, 34, 987-995.