Understanding Consumer Behavior: Halal Labeling and Purchase Intentions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/jdmhi.2023.5.1.16543Keywords:
Halal Product, Religiosity, Knowledge, Attitude, Intention to BuyAbstract
The rapid growth of the Muslim community in the world certainly increases the demand for halal products. This causes halal products to become a necessity. This dynamic needs to be supported by state authorities' guarantee of halal products. This study provides an overview of the role of Halal labelling in influencing individuals to consume Halal products based on their levels of religiosity, knowledge of Halal products, and attitudes towards consuming such products. Additionally, the sampling focus of this study was on Java Island, where access to information technology is widespread, facilitating ease of access to relevant information regarding Halal products. A quantitative approach was employed in this research, utilizing primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to the residents of Java Island. The construction of the research model is reflected in an adjusted R-squared value of 54.50%, indicating that the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable. Based on the findings of this research, both knowledge and attitudes have a positive and significant impact on the intention to consume Halal products, whereas religiosity does not. The study recommends that the government consider streamlining and reducing the costs associated with Halal labelling to make it more accessible to micro-scale producers. These measures are expected to support the development of the Halal product market and foster sustainable economic growth.
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References
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Afendi, Noor Afzainiza, Farah Lina Azizan, and Aflah Isa Darami. 2014. "Determinants of Halal Purchase Intention: Case in Perlis." International Journal of Business and Social Research (May):118–23.
Ahmed, Waqar, Arsalan Najmi, Hafiz Muhammad Faizan, and Shaharyar Ahmed. 2019. "Consumer Behaviour towards Willingness to Pay for Halal Products: An Assessment of Demand for Halal Certification in a Muslim Country." British Food Journal 121(2):492–504. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-02-2018-0085.
Ajzen, Icek. 2001. Nature and Operation of Attitudes. Vol. 25.
Ajzen, Icek. 2002. "Perceived Behavioral Control , Self-Efficacy , Locus of Control , and the Theory of Planned Behavior." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32(4):665–83.
Ajzen, Icek. 2005. Attitudes, Personality and Behavior (Second Edition).
Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. 1st ed. Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Akın, Mahmut Selami, and Abdullah Okumuş. 2021. "Shaping the Consumers' Attitudes towards Halal Food Products in Turkey." Journal of Islamic Marketing 12(6):1081–96. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-08-2019-0167.
Al-Otum, Firas Jamil, and Rawan S. Nimri. 2015. "Antecedents of Consumers' Behavior towards Halal Food among Jordanian Customers: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach." Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research 12:19–25.
Ali, Afzaal, Guo Xiaoling, Mehkar Sherwani, and Adnan Ali. 2017. "Factors Affecting Halal Meat Purchase Intention – Evidence from International Muslim Students in China." British Food Journal 119(3):527–41. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-10-2016-0455.
Anam, Javeed, Bin Mohamed Mokhtar Sany Sanuri, and Bin Lebai Othman Ismail. 2018. "Conceptualizing the Relation between Halal Logo, Perceived Product Quality and the Role of Consumer Knowledge." Journal of Islamic Marketing 9(4):727–46. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-02-2017-0019.
Aziz, Yuhanis Abdul, and Nyen Vui Chok. 2013. "The Role of Halal Awareness , Halal Certification , and Marketing Components in Determining Halal Purchase Intention Among Non-Muslims in Malaysia : A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 25(1):1–23. doi: 10.1080/08974438.2013.723997.
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Berakon, Izra, Hendy Mustiko Aji, and Muhammad Riza Hafizi. 2021. "Impact of Digital Sharia Banking Systems on Cash-Waqf among Indonesian Muslim Youth." Journal of Islamic Marketing 13(7):1551–73. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-11-2020-0337.
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Famiza, Nur, Nor Samsinar, H. Kursimah, and Radin Firdaus. 2018. "Buying Halal Pharmaceutical Products : Do Consumers Have Imperfect Knowledge ?" Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 25(S):153–64.
Faridah, Hayyun Durrotul. 2019. "Halal Certification in Indonesia; History, Development, and Implementation." Journal of Halal Product and Research 2(2):68. doi: 10.20473/jhpr.vol.2-issue.2.68-78.
Febriandika, Nur Rizqi, Vamel Wijaya, and Lukmanul Hakim. 2023. "Gen-Z Muslims' Purchase Intention of Halal Food: Evidence from Indonesia." Innovative Marketing 19(1):13–25. doi: 10.21511/im.19(1).2023.02.
Ghozali, Imam. 2013. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 21. Semarang: Badan Penelitian Universitas Diponegoro.
Graafland, Johan. 2017. "Religiosity, Attitude, and the Demand for Socially Responsible Products." Journal of Business Ethics 144(1):121–38. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2796-9.
Hair, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringel, and M. Sarsted. 2017. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structura Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
Hall, Elif Eroglu, and Nurdan Sevim. 2016. "Halal Food Consumption Intention by Turkish Immigrants." IJBMI Journal 5(11):36–40.
Haque, Ahasanul, Naila Anwar, Farzana Yasmin, Abdullah Sarwar, Zariyah Ibrahim, and Abdul Momen. 2015. "Purchase Intention of Foreign Products: A Study on Bangladeshi Consumer Perspective." SAGE Open 5(2):1–12. doi: 10.1177/2158244015592680.
Hutajulu, Nelly, and MFitri Rahmadana. 2015. "Effect of Education Level, Income, Inflation on Community Consumption Pattern in North Sumatera Province." Pp. 2548–4613 in Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL) eISSN.
II, James E. Bartlett, Joe W. Kotrlik, and Chadwick C. Higgins. 2001. "Organizational Research: Determing Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research." Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 19(1):43–50.
Indah. 2023. “Produk Ini Harus Bersertifikat Halal Di 2024, Kemenag: Ada Sanksi Bagi Yang Belum!”
Jamal, A., and J. Sharifuddin. 2015. "Perceived Value and Perceived Usefulness of Halal Labeling: The Role of Religion and Culture." Journal of Business Research 68(5):933–41.
Jannah, Arifa Miftahul, Murwatiningsih Murwatiningsih, and Nina Oktarina. 2021. "The Effect of Financial Literacy , Social Media , and Social Environment towards The Consumptive Behavior of Students at SMA Negeri Kabupaten Jepara." Journal of Economic Education 10(2):85–93.
Jannah, Syayyidah M., and Hasan Al-Banna. 2021. "Halal Awareness and Halal Traceability: Muslim Consumers' and Entrepreneurs' Perspectives." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 7(2):285–316. doi: 10.21098/jimf.v7i2.1328.
Jumani, Zulfiqar Ali, and Sasiwemon Sukhabot. 2020. "Behavioral Intentions of Different Religions." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11(3):797–818. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-07-2018-0112.
Katuk, Norliza. 2019. "The Application of Blockchain for Halal Product Assurance: A Systematic Review of the Current Developments and Future Directions." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 8(5):1893–1902. doi: 10.30534/ijatcse/2019/13852019.
Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur’an. 2022. "Al-Qur'an Kemenag."
Mabkhot, Hashed. 2023. "Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Halal Product Performance: Malaysian Evidence." Sustainability 15(3):1850. doi: 10.3390/su15031850.
Madahi, Abdolrazagh, Sukati Inda, and Inda Sukati. 2012. "The Effect of External Factors on Purchase Intention amongst Young Generation in Malaysia." International Business Research 5(8):153–59. doi: 10.5539/ibr.v5n8p153.
Maison, Dominika, Marta Marchlewska, Dewi Syarifah, Rizqy A. Zein, and Herison P. Purba. 2018. "Explicit versus Implicit 'Halal' Information: Influence of the Halal Label and the Country-of-Origin Information on Product Perceptions in Indonesia." Frontiers in Psychology 9(MAR):1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00382.
Mastercard, and Crescent Rating. 2019. "Global Muslim Travel Index 2019." (April):01–63.
Mizerski, Nazlida Muhamad Vai Shiem Leong Dick. 2016. "Consumer Knowledge and Religious on Products: Young Muslim Consumser's Perspective." Journal of Islamic Marketing 7(1).
Mohamed Omar, Khairi, Nik Kamariah Nik Mat, Gaboul Ahmed Imhemed, and Fatihya Mahdi Ahamed Ali. 2012. "The Direct Effects of Halal Product Actual Purchase Antecedents among the International Muslim Consumers." American Journal of Economics 2(4):87–92. doi: 10.5923/j.economics.20120001.20.
Nurhayati, Tatiek, and Hendar Hendar. 2020. "Personal Intrinsic Religiosity and Product Knowledge on Halal Product Purchase Intention: Role of Halal Product Awareness." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11(3):603–20. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0220.
Olya, Hossein G. T., and Amr Al-ansi. 2018. "Risk Assessment of Halal Products and Services: Implication for Tourism Industry." Tourism Management 65:279–91. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.015.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2021. “Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Jaminan Produk Halal.” (086085):1–110.
Pew Research. 2020. "Muslim Population by Country." Pew-Templeton Global Religious Future Project. Retrieved December 21, 2020 (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/religions/muslims).
Pradana, M., R. Huertas-García, and F. Marimon. 2020. "Purchase Intention of Halal Food Products in Spain: The Moderating Effect of Religious Involvement." International Food Research Journal 27(4):735–44.
Rizkitysha, Talita Leoni, and Arga Hananto. 2020. "‘Do Knowledge, Perceived Usefulness of Halal Label and Religiosity Affect Attitude and Intention to Buy Halal-Labeled Detergent?’” Journal of Islamic Marketing 13(3):649–70. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0070.
Safiek, Mokhlis. 2009. “Relevancy and Measurement of Religiosity in Consumer Behavior Research.” International Business Research 2(3):75–84.
Sayogo, Djoko Sigit. 2018. “Online Traceability for Halal Product Information: Perceptions of Muslim Consumers in Indonesia.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 9(1):99–116. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-07-2016-0057.
Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie. 2016. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 7th Ed. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Shyan, Kim, Fam David, S. Waller B. Zafer, and Kim Shyan Fam. 2004. “The Influence of Religion on Attitudes towards the Advertising of Controversial Products.” 38(5/6):537–55. doi: 10.1108/03090560410529204.
Sugiyono. 2015. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, Dan R&D). 8th ed. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. 2017. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan Kombinasi (Mixed Method). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sujibto, B. J., and Fakhruddin M. 2023. “Non-Muslim Voices on Halal Certification: From Sectoral-Religious Tendencies to State-Mandated Regulations.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik 26(3):258. doi: 10.22146/jsp.67792.
Yener, Dursun. 2015. “Factors That Affect the Attitudes of Consumers Toward Halal-Certified Products in Turkey.” Journal of Food Products Marketing 21(2):160–78. doi: 10.1080/10454446.2013.843483.
Yulia, Lady. 2015. “Halal Products Industry Development Strategy Strategi Pengembangan Industri Produk Halal.” Jurnal Bisnis Islam 8(1):121–62.
Yusuf, A. Muri. 2019. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif & Penelitian Gabungan. 1st ed. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Zhang, Xuemin, and Youning He. 2007. “Influence of Educational Attainment on Consumption.” Frontiers of Education in China 2(2):259–72. doi: 10.1007/s11516-007-0022-y.
Abd Rahman, Azmawani, Ebrahim Asrarhaghighi, and Suhaimi Ab Rahman. 2015. “Consumers and Halal Cosmetic Products: Knowledge, Religiosity, Attitude and Intention.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 6(1):148–63. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-09-2013-0068.
Afendi, Noor Afzainiza, Farah Lina Azizan, and Aflah Isa Darami. 2014. “Determinants of Halal Purchase Intention: Case in Perlis.” International Journal of Business and Social Research (May):118–23.
Ahmed, Waqar, Arsalan Najmi, Hafiz Muhammad Faizan, and Shaharyar Ahmed. 2019. “Consumer Behaviour towards Willingness to Pay for Halal Products: An Assessment of Demand for Halal Certification in a Muslim Country.” British Food Journal 121(2):492–504. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-02-2018-0085.
Ajzen, Icek. 2001. Nature and Operation of Attitudes. Vol. 25.
Ajzen, Icek. 2002. “Perceived Behavioral Control , Self-Efficacy , Locus of Control , and the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32(4):665–83.
Ajzen, Icek. 2005. Attitudes, Personality and Behavior (Second Edition).
Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. 1st ed. Engelwood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Akın, Mahmut Selami, and Abdullah Okumuş. 2021. “Shaping the Consumers’ Attitudes towards Halal Food Products in Turkey.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 12(6):1081–96. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-08-2019-0167.
Al-Otum, Firas Jamil, and Rawan S. Nimri. 2015. “Antecedents of Consumers’ Behavior towards Halal Food among Jordanian Customers: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach.” Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research 12:19–25.
Ali, Afzaal, Guo Xiaoling, Mehkar Sherwani, and Adnan Ali. 2017. “Factors Affecting Halal Meat Purchase Intention – Evidence from International Muslim Students in China.” British Food Journal 119(3):527–41. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-10-2016-0455.
Anam, Javeed, Bin Mohamed Mokhtar Sany Sanuri, and Bin Lebai Othman Ismail. 2018. “Conceptualizing the Relation between Halal Logo, Perceived Product Quality and the Role of Consumer Knowledge.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 9(4):727–46. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-02-2017-0019.
Aziz, Yuhanis Abdul, and Nyen Vui Chok. 2013. “The Role of Halal Awareness , Halal Certification , and Marketing Components in Determining Halal Purchase Intention Among Non-Muslims in Malaysia : A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 25(1):1–23. doi: 10.1080/08974438.2013.723997.
Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal (BPJPH). 2022. “Jumlah Penerbitan Sertifikat Halal Menurut Jenis Produk.”
Berakon, Izra, Hendy Mustiko Aji, and Muhammad Riza Hafizi. 2021. “Impact of Digital Sharia Banking Systems on Cash-Waqf among Indonesian Muslim Youth.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 13(7):1551–73. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-11-2020-0337.
Carlson, Jay P., Leslie H. Vincent, David M. Hardesty, and William O. Bearden. 2009. “Objective and Subjective Knowledge Relationships: A Quantitative Analysis of Consumer Research Findings.” Journal of Consumer Research 35(5):864–76. doi: 10.1086/593688.
Famiza, Nur, Nor Samsinar, H. Kursimah, and Radin Firdaus. 2018. “Buying Halal Pharmaceutical Products : Do Consumers Have Imperfect Knowledge ?” Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 25(S):153–64.
Faridah, Hayyun Durrotul. 2019. “Halal Certification in Indonesia; History, Development, and Implementation.” Journal of Halal Product and Research 2(2):68. doi: 10.20473/jhpr.vol.2-issue.2.68-78.
Febriandika, Nur Rizqi, Vamel Wijaya, and Lukmanul Hakim. 2023. “Gen-Z Muslims’ Purchase Intention of Halal Food: Evidence from Indonesia.” Innovative Marketing 19(1):13–25. doi: 10.21511/im.19(1).2023.02.
Ghozali, Imam. 2013. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 21. Semarang: Badan Penelitian Universitas Diponegoro.
Graafland, Johan. 2017. “Religiosity, Attitude, and the Demand for Socially Responsible Products.” Journal of Business Ethics 144(1):121–38. doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2796-9.
Hair, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringel, and M. Sarsted. 2017. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structura Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
Hall, Elif Eroglu, and Nurdan Sevim. 2016. “Halal Food Consumption Intention by Turkish Immigrants.” IJBMI Journal 5(11):36–40.
Haque, Ahasanul, Naila Anwar, Farzana Yasmin, Abdullah Sarwar, Zariyah Ibrahim, and Abdul Momen. 2015. “Purchase Intention of Foreign Products: A Study on Bangladeshi Consumer Perspective.” SAGE Open 5(2):1–12. doi: 10.1177/2158244015592680.
Hutajulu, Nelly, and MFitri Rahmadana. 2015. “Effect of Education Level, Income, Inflation on Community Consumption Pattern in North Sumatera Province.” Pp. 2548–4613 in Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL) eISSN.
II, James E. Bartlett, Joe W. Kotrlik, and Chadwick C. Higgins. 2001. “Organizational Research: Determing Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research.” Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 19(1):43–50.
Indah. 2023. “Produk Ini Harus Bersertifikat Halal Di 2024, Kemenag: Ada Sanksi Bagi Yang Belum!”
Jamal, A., and J. Sharifuddin. 2015. “Perceived Value and Perceived Usefulness of Halal Labeling: The Role of Religion and Culture.” Journal of Business Research 68(5):933–41.
Jannah, Arifa Miftahul, Murwatiningsih Murwatiningsih, and Nina Oktarina. 2021. “The Effect of Financial Literacy , Social Media , and Social Environment towards The Consumptive Behavior of Students at SMA Negeri Kabupaten Jepara.” Journal of Economic Education 10(2):85–93.
Jannah, Syayyidah M., and Hasan Al-Banna. 2021. “Halal Awareness and Halal Traceability: Muslim Consumers’ and Entrepreneurs’ Perspectives.” Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 7(2):285–316. doi: 10.21098/jimf.v7i2.1328.
Jumani, Zulfiqar Ali, and Sasiwemon Sukhabot. 2020. “Behavioral Intentions of Different Religions.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 11(3):797–818. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-07-2018-0112.
Katuk, Norliza. 2019. “The Application of Blockchain for Halal Product Assurance: A Systematic Review of the Current Developments and Future Directions.” International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 8(5):1893–1902. doi: 10.30534/ijatcse/2019/13852019.
Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur’an. 2022. “Al-Qur’an Kemenag.”
Mabkhot, Hashed. 2023. “Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Halal Product Performance: Malaysian Evidence.” Sustainability 15(3):1850. doi: 10.3390/su15031850.
Madahi, Abdolrazagh, Sukati Inda, and Inda Sukati. 2012. “The Effect of External Factors on Purchase Intention amongst Young Generation in Malaysia.” International Business Research 5(8):153–59. doi: 10.5539/ibr.v5n8p153.
Maison, Dominika, Marta Marchlewska, Dewi Syarifah, Rizqy A. Zein, and Herison P. Purba. 2018. “Explicit versus Implicit ‘Halal’ Information: Influence of the Halal Label and the Country-of-Origin Information on Product Perceptions in Indonesia.” Frontiers in Psychology 9(MAR):1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00382.
Mastercard, and Crescent Rating. 2019. “Global Muslim Travel Index 2019.” (April):01–63.
Mizerski, Nazlida Muhamad Vai Shiem Leong Dick. 2016. “Consumer Knowledge and Religious on Products: Young Muslim Consumser’s Perspective.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 7(1).
Mohamed Omar, Khairi, Nik Kamariah Nik Mat, Gaboul Ahmed Imhemed, and Fatihya Mahdi Ahamed Ali. 2012. “The Direct Effects of Halal Product Actual Purchase Antecedents among the International Muslim Consumers.” American Journal of Economics 2(4):87–92. doi: 10.5923/j.economics.20120001.20.
Nurhayati, Tatiek, and Hendar Hendar. 2020. “Personal Intrinsic Religiosity and Product Knowledge on Halal Product Purchase Intention: Role of Halal Product Awareness.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 11(3):603–20. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0220.
Olya, Hossein G. T., and Amr Al-ansi. 2018. “Risk Assessment of Halal Products and Services: Implication for Tourism Industry.” Tourism Management 65:279–91. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.015.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2021. “Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Jaminan Produk Halal.” (086085):1–110.
Pew Research. 2020. “Muslim Population by Country.” Pew-Templeton Global Religious Future Project. Retrieved December 21, 2020 (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/religions/muslims).
Pradana, M., R. Huertas-García, and F. Marimon. 2020. “Purchase Intention of Halal Food Products in Spain: The Moderating Effect of Religious Involvement.” International Food Research Journal 27(4):735–44.
Rizkitysha, Talita Leoni, and Arga Hananto. 2020. “‘Do Knowledge, Perceived Usefulness of Halal Label and Religiosity Affect Attitude and Intention to Buy Halal-Labeled Detergent?’” Journal of Islamic Marketing 13(3):649–70. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0070.
Safiek, Mokhlis. 2009. “Relevancy and Measurement of Religiosity in Consumer Behavior Research.” International Business Research 2(3):75–84.
Sayogo, Djoko Sigit. 2018. “Online Traceability for Halal Product Information: Perceptions of Muslim Consumers in Indonesia.” Journal of Islamic Marketing 9(1):99–116. doi: 10.1108/JIMA-07-2016-0057.
Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie. 2016. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. 7th Ed. 7th ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Shyan, Kim, Fam David, S. Waller B. Zafer, and Kim Shyan Fam. 2004. “The Influence of Religion on Attitudes towards the Advertising of Controversial Products.” 38(5/6):537–55. doi: 10.1108/03090560410529204.
Sugiyono. 2015. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, Dan R&D). 8th ed. Bandung: CV Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. 2017. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan Kombinasi (Mixed Method). Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sujibto, B. J., and Fakhruddin M. 2023. “Non-Muslim Voices on Halal Certification: From Sectoral-Religious Tendencies to State-Mandated Regulations.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik 26(3):258. doi: 10.22146/jsp.67792.
Yener, Dursun. 2015. “Factors That Affect the Attitudes of Consumers Toward Halal-Certified Products in Turkey.” Journal of Food Products Marketing 21(2):160–78. doi: 10.1080/10454446.2013.843483.
Yulia, Lady. 2015. “Halal Products Industry Development Strategy Strategi Pengembangan Industri Produk Halal.” Jurnal Bisnis Islam 8(1):121–62.
Yusuf, A. Muri. 2019. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif & Penelitian Gabungan. 1st ed. Jakarta: Prenada Media.
Zhang, Xuemin, and Youning He. 2007. “Influence of Educational Attainment on Consumption.” Frontiers of Education in China 2(2):259–72. doi: 10.1007/s11516-007-0022-y.
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