The Role of Akhlak Intelligence: Mediation Between Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Orientation

Rahman El Junusi*  -  Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author

This study attempts to fill the gap in the literature between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of self-efficacy and EO mediated by moral intelligence. Data collection was carried out from a population of 17,603 Muslim entrepreneurs in the city of Semarang who are engaged in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. The data collected from the online survey was applied to structural equation modeling (SEM). From this study, it was found that self-efficacy has a significant effect on EO and moral intelligence, while moral intelligence affects EO. This study contributes to the literature on the role of self-efficacy and moral intelligence in increasing EO. The originality of this study is to offer the concept of moral intelligence which plays a central role in the relationship between self-efficacy and EO. Thus, no studies have investigated this causality.

Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Moral Intelligence, Muslim Entrepreneur.

  1. Al-Baqir, M. (2014). Mengobati Penyakit Hati Membentuk Akhlak Mulia Diterjemahkan dari Tahdzib Al-Akhlâq wa Mu’ajalat Amradh Al-Qulûb Karya: Al-Imam Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali. Penerbit Mizania.
  2. Al Ghazali, I. (2004). Ringkasan ihya’ ulumuddin upaya menghidupkan ilmu agama. Bintang Usaha Jaya.
  3. Alvarez, R. D., DeNoble, A. F., & Jung, D. (2006). Educational Curricula and Self-Efficacy: Entrepreneurial Orientation and New Venture Intentions among University Students in Mexico. International Research in the Business Disciplines, 5, 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7877(06)05019-7
  4. Amruloh, D. A. G. (2016). Entrepreneur Orientation in Islamic Prespective. 2nd International Conference on Bussiness and Social Science, 10.
  5. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
  6. Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 45–103). Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp. 45.
  7. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the Exercise of Control. W.H.Freeman and Company, New York.
  8. Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986). Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38(1), 92–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2
  9. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Reources ad Sustained Competitive Advantege. In Journal of Management (Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 99–120).
  10. Baron, R. A., Mueller, B. A., & Wolfe, M. T. (2016). Self-efficacy and entrepreneurs’ adoption of unattainable goals: The restraining effects of self-control. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.08.002
  11. Black, J., Kim, K., Rhee, S., Wang, K., & Sakchutchawan, S. (2019). Self-efficacy and emotional intelligence: Influencing team cohesion to enhance team performance. Team Performance Management, 25(1–2), 100–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-01-2018-0005
  12. Boso, N., Cadogan, J. W., & Story, V. M. (2012). Complementary effect of entrepreneurial and market orientations on export new product success under differing levels of competitive intensity and financial capital. International Business Review, 21(4), 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.07.009
  13. Castles, L. (1967). Religion, Politics, and Economic Behavior in Java: The Kudus Cigarette Industry. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies,Yale University. https://doi.org/10.32678/ijei.v4i1.10
  14. Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316.
  15. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal Personality Assessment in Clinical Practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5
  16. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107
  17. Davis, M. K. (2013). Entrepreneurship : an Islamic perspective. International Journal Entrepreneurship and Small Busines, 20(1), 63–69.
  18. Donagan, A. (1983). The Theory of Morality. Noûs, 17(2), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  19. Eniola, A. A., & Dada, D. A. (2020). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, institutional environment, and entrepreneurial orientation for SME: A review. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 8(2), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2020.4017
  20. FILLIS, I., & RENTSCHLER, R. (2010). the Role of Creativity in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 18(01), 49–81. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218495810000501
  21. Geertz, C. (1975). GeEthos, World View, and the Analysis of Sacred Symbolis” dalam Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Book, Inc. https://doi.org/10.32678/ijei.v4i1.10
  22. Habsy, H. Al. (2005). Kamus Al-Kautsar: Terjemahan lengkap Bahasa Arab- Bahasa Malaysia. Victory Agencie.
  23. Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. . (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA). In Multivariate Data Analysis (7 th). Pearson Education Limited. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118895238.ch8
  24. Hoque, N., Mamun, A., & Mohammad Ahshanul Mamun, A. (2014). Dynamics and traits of entrepreneurship: an Islamic approach. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-04-2013-0027
  25. Hoskisson, R. E., Covin, J., Volberda, H. W., & Johnson, R. A. (2011). Revitalizing Entrepreneurship: The Search for New Research Opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1141–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00997.x
  26. Hsiao, H.-C., Chang, J.-C., Tu, Y.-L., & Chen, S.-C. (2011). The Influence of Teachers ’ Self-efficacy on Innovative Work Behavior. International Conference on Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 233–237.
  27. Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. . (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
  28. Huda, C. (2017). Etos Kerja Pengusaha Muslim (Studi Kasus pada Pengusaha Muslim Alumni UIN Walisongo Semarang). Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 7(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.21580/economica.2016.7.2.1156
  29. Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1997). Resource-advantage theory: A snake swallowing its tail or a general theory of competition? Journal of Marketing, 61(4), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252088
  30. Jiang, H., Xiong, W., & Cao, Y. (2017). Research on the mechanism of entrepreneurial education quality, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention in social sciences, engineering and science education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(7), 3709–3721. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00754a
  31. Junusi, R. El, & Mubarok, F. K. (2020). Islamic Entrepreneur Resilience Model: Retail Business Survives During Crisis. Journal of Digital Marketing and Halal Industry, 2(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.21580/jdmhi.2020.2.2.6350
  32. Khedhaouria, A., Gurău, C., & Torrès, O. (2015). Creativity, self-efficacy, and small-firm performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation. In Small Business Economics (Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 485–504). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9608-y
  33. Ladd, T., Hind, P., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation, Waynesian self-efficacy for searching and marshaling, and intention across gender and region of origin. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 31(5), 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1459016
  34. Lennick, D., & Keil, F. (2005). Moral Intelligence: Enhancing Business Performance and Leadership Success. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
  35. Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Tan, J., & Liu, Y. (2008). Orientation on Market Evidence from Chinese Small Firms *. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 113–133.
  36. Lisboa, A., Skarmeas, D., & Lages, C. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, exploitative and explorative capabilities, and performance outcomes in export markets: A resource-based approach. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(8), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.10.013
  37. Luco, A. (2014). The Definition of Morality: Threading the Needle. Social Theory and Practice, 40(3), 361–387.
  38. Lumpkin, G. ., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429–451.
  39. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.
  40. Ma’luf, L. (2002). Kamus al Munjid fi al Lughah wa al A’lam (30th ed.). Daar Al-Masyriq.
  41. McGee, J. E., & Peterson, M. (2019). The Long-Term Impact of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Venture Performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 720–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12324
  42. Miller, D. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
  43. Mohd, R., Kirana, K., Kamaruddin, B. H., Zainuddin, A., & Ghazali, M. C. (2014). The Mediatory Effect of Self-efficacy on the Relationship between Religious Values and Entrepreneurial Orientations: A Case of Malay Owner Managers of SMEs in Manufacturing Industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130(June 2015), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.012
  44. Narayanan, V. (2017). Theorizing on entrepreneurial orientation in international business: A synthetic review. Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa, 3(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.15678/pm.2017.0301.01
  45. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill.
  46. Ployhart, R. E. (2012). From Possible to Probable: The Psychology of Competitive Advantage. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01417.x
  47. Ployhart, R. E., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Mackenzie, W. I. (2011). Acquiring and developing human capital in service contexts: The interconnectedness of human capital resources. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2011.60263097
  48. Poon, J. M. L., Ainuddin, R. A., & Junit, S. H. (2006). Effects of self-concept traits and entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. International Small Business Journal, 24(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242606059779
  49. Prabhu, V., Sutton, C., & Sauser, W. (2008). Creativity and certain personality traits: Understanding the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation. Creativity Research Journal, 20(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410701841955
  50. Prihatini, S., Mardapi, D., & Sutrisno. (2013). Pengembangan Model Penilaian Akhlak Peserta Didik Madrasah Aliyah. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 17(2), 347–368.
  51. Rasyad. (2015). Dimensi Akhlak dalam Filsafat Islam. Substantia, 17(1), 89–102.
  52. Rezaei, J., & Ortt, R. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the mediating role of functional performances. In Management Research Review (Vol. 41, Issue 7, pp. 878–900). https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0092
  53. Roza, S., Sriayudha, Y., & Octavia, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial Passion, Entrepreneurial Alertness and Islamic Entrepreneurial Orientation: Its Application To the Muslimah Entrepreneur. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science, 2(2), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i2.654
  54. Schaik, C. van, Burkart, J. M., Jaeggi, A. V., & Rohr, C. R. von. (2014). Morality as a Biological Adaptation – An Evolutionary Model Based on the Lifestyle of Human Foragers. In M. Christen, C. van Schaik, J. Fischer, M. Huppenbauer, & C. Tanner (Eds.), Empirically Informed Ethics: Morality between Facts and Norms (pp. 65–84). Springer International Publishing Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2015.162.07
  55. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
  56. Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self-efficacy scale. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01096.x
  57. Shane, S., & Nicolaou, N. (2015). Creative personality, opportunity recognition and the tendency to start businesses: A study of their genetic predispositions. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(3), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.04.001
  58. Suryadarma, Y., & Haq, A. H. (2015). Pendidikan Akhlak Menurut Imam Al-Ghazali. At Ta’Dib, 10(2), 361–381.
  59. Wazin. (2013). Pengkarakteran Wirausaha Muslim. Islamiconomic, 4(1), 1–12.
  60. Yaacob, Y., & Azmi, I. A. G. (2012). Entrepreneur’s Social Responsibilities From Islamic Perspective: A Study of Muslim Entrepreneurs In Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58(1999), 1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1094
  61. Zhao, H., Hills, G. E., & Seibert, S. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
  62. Zimmerer, T. W., & Scarborough, N. M. (2010). Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management -5/E. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Digital Marketing and Halal Industry
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
apps