THE REFORMULATION OF ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING STAR’S POSITION AS THE SIGN OF ISYA AND FAJR PRAYER TIMES

Muhammad Syaoqi Nahwandi*  -  Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author

The position of the stars in the sky was used by Islamic Astronomy scholars as a sign of early Isya and Fajr prayers. This method is an alternative that was used in the past when there has not been an advanced time keeping tool like nowadays, especially for locations where syafaq and fajr shâdiq phenomena cannot be observed. Some of the algorithms used for calculating the star's position as a sign of early Isya and Fajr prayers are still fairly approximation (taqrîbi). So it requires a reformulation of the algorithm to make it is suitable for use in this period. This study resulted two offers of algorithms which are obtained by reformulating al-Buraidi’s method and al-Hâsib’s: First, the culmination of stars. Second, star’s altitude and azimuth. Accuracy test of reformulation of the algorithm compared by stellar observations shows that the results in reformulation of algorithm for calculating star’s position as the sign of early Isya and Fajr prayer time are quite accurate with accuracy in units of arc minutes.

Keywords: Star’s Position, Prayer Times, Reformulation of Algorithm

  1. al-Buraidî, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Risâlah fî al-Burûj wa al-Manâzil; Farâid Jauhariyah fî Fawâid al-Mîqâtiyah, Manuskrip, discan oleh Library of Congress, 1831
  2. al-Hajâwî, Syaraf al-Dîn Abû al-Najâ Mûsâ bin Ahmad, Zâd al-Mustaqni’ fi ikhtisâr al-Muqni’, Riyadl: Madâr al-Wathn, tt.
  3. al-Hâsib, Ahmad bin Ghulâmillah bin Ahmad, Nuzhah al-Nâzir fî Talkhîs Zîj Ibn al-Syâtir, Manuskrip discan oleh Library of Congress, Boston.
  4. al-Jailani, Zubair Umar, al-Khulâsah al-Wafiyah, Kudus: Menara Kudus, tt.
  5. al-Marâgî, Ahmad Mustafâ, Tafsîr al-Marâgî, Kairo: Maktabah Mustafâ al-Bâbî al-Halabî, tth, Juz 7
  6. al-Misrî, Jamâl al-Dîn Muhammad bin Mukrim bin Manzûr al-Ifrîqî, Lisân al-‘Arab, Beirut: Dâr Sâdir, 2010, Jilid 10
  7. al-Naisâbûrî, Abu al-Husain Muslim bin al-Hajjâj al-Qusyairî, Sahîh Muslim, Beirut: Dâr Ihyâ al-Turâs al-Arabiyah, 2010, Juz 1
  8. al-Qarafî, Syihâb al-Dîn Ahmad bin Idrîs bin abd al-Rahmân al-Sanhâjî, Anwâr al-Burûq fî anwâ al-Furûq, Kairo: Dar Ihya al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyah, 2010, Juz 4
  9. al-Ru’yanî, Muhammad Abû Abdillâh bin Muhammad al-Hattab, Mawâhib al-Jalîl li Syarh Mukhtsar al-Khalîl, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1992, Juz 3
  10. al-Sijistânî, Abû Dâwûd Sulaimân bin al-Asy’as, Sunan Abî Dâwûd, Riyad: Maktabah al-Ma’ârif li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzî’, 1988
  11. al-Tahanawi, Muhammad ‘Ali, Kasyâf Istilâhât al-Funûn wa al-‘Ulûm, Beirut: Maktabah Lubnan Nasyirun, 1996, Juz II
  12. al-Tibrîzî, Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khatîb, Syarh Misykâh al-Masâbîh, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2001, Juz 2.
  13. Angelo, Joseph A., Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy, New York: Fact On File, inc, 2006
  14. Azhari, Susiknan, Ensiklopedi Hisab Rukyat, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2012, cet. III,
  15. Butar, Arwin Juli Rakhmadi Butar, Khazanah Astronomi Islam Abad Pertengahan, Purwokerto: UM Purwokerto Press, 2016
  16. Departemen Agama RI, Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya, Jakarta: CV Darus Sunnah, 2007
  17. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2008
  18. Direktorat Urusan Agama Islam dan Pembinaan Syariah, Ephemeris Hisab Rukyat 2019, Jakarta: Kementerian Agama RI, 2018
  19. Hambali, Slamet, Ilmu Falak 1, Semarang: Program Pascasarjana IAIN Walisongo Semarang, Cet. I, 2011
  20. Izzuddin, Ahmad, Fiqih Hisab Rukyah, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 2007
  21. King, David A., In Synnchrony with the Heavens Vol. I: The Call of The Muezzin, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1990
  22. ____________, “Mikat”, in The Encyclopedia of Islam, Edisi II, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1990
  23. Masood, Ehsan, Ilmuwan-Ilmuwan Muslim Pelopor Hebat di Bidang Sains Modern, Terjemah: Fahmy Yamani, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2009
  24. Muslifah, Siti, “Telaah Kritis Syafaqul Ahmar dan Syafaqul Abyadl Terhadap Akhir Maghrib dan Awal Isya”, Elfalaky Jurnal Ilmu Falak, Vol. 1, No. 1, (2007): 25-45
  25. Rodegerdts, Enno, The Nautical Almanac of Stars, London: HM Nautical Almanac Office, 2019
  26. Samso, Julio, “Lunar Mansions and Time Keeping in Western Islam”, Suhayl -Journal for the history of the exact and natural sciences in Islamic Civilisation, Vol. 8, (2008):121-161
  27. Smart, W.M., Textbook on Spherical Trigonometry, London: Cambridge University Press, 1977
  28. Sutantyo, Winardi, Pengantar Astrofisika: Bintang-Bintang di Alam Semesta, Bandung: Penerbit ITB, 2010
  29. https://astronavigationdemystified.com/local-hour-angle-and-greenwich-hour-angle/
  30. http://www.constellationsofwords.com/stars.html
  31. https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/

Open Access Copyright (c) 2020 al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy

Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy
Published by Faculty of Sharia and Law Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang in collaboration with Asosiasi Dosen Falak Indonesia (ADFI)
Jl Prof. Dr. Hamka Kampus III Ngaliyan Semarang 50185
Phone: (024) 7601291
Website: https://fsh.walisongo.ac.id/
Email: alhilal@walisongo.ac.id

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

STATCOUNTER (View my Stats)
 
apps