“AKTIVASI” MAKNA-MAKNA TEKS DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTEMPORER: Epistemologi Hermeneutika Subjektif-Fiqhiyyah El-Fadl
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2017.28.1.1195Keywords:
hermeneutics, text, author, community-interpretation, authoritarianismAbstract
Abstract: This paper aims to review the use of hermeneutics Khaled M. Abou El-Fadl in finding a potential meaning of the text Quran and the hadith in terms of epistemology. It departs from El-Fadl is one of the contemporary Muslim intellectuals who has criticized the authoritarianism of most Muslims to be removed because against God and just believe in the single meanings. Though the text made by God to contain the potential meanings can be harmonized and contextualize the demands of the times. In addition, hermeneutic departing from the study of Islamic law or fiqh, which is often confused with the Quranic text or as fiqh is the text itself. With a philosophical approach based on literature data and discourse analysis found that El-Fadl offers hermeneutics subjective-fiqhiyyah based on the interaction between the text and the interpretive community and "a little concerned" about the role of the author or the Lord so as to present a reinterpretation of the text in the form of the potential meaning of the text which at the same time avoiding the imposition of the single meaning that generally do lending institutions fatwa. Besides that distinguishes it from other contemporary hermeneutics Muslim intellectuals or philosophers west are El-Fadl did not recognize the individual's ability to interpret text, but "community" or in the language of jurisprudence called mujtahid jam'ī and was able to explain the position of God in the stage of interpreting the text without having to remove it as subjective hermeneutics of the West.
Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan mengulas hermeneutika yang digunakan Khaled M. Abou El-Fadl dalam menemukan potensi-potensi makna dalam teks Alquran dan hadis ditinjau dari epistemologi. Ini berangkat dari El-Fadl merupakan salah satu intelektual muslim kontemporer yang kritis atas otoritarianisme sebagian umat muslim harus dihilangkan karena melawan Tuhan dan hanya percaya terhadap pemaknaan tunggal. Padahal teks yang dibuat oleh Tuhan mengandung potensi-potensi makna yang bisa diselaraskan dan dikontekstualisasikan dengan tuntutan zaman. Selain itu hermeneutikanya berangkat dari kajian hukum Islam atau fikih yang sering tertukar dengan teks Alquran atau seolah fikih adalah teks itu sendiri. Dengan pendekatan filosofis berbasis data pustaka dan analisis wacana, ditemukan bahwa El-Fadl menawarkan hermeneutika subjektif-fiqhiyyah yang berbasis pada interaksi antara teks dan komunitas interpretasi dan “sedikit peduli” terhadap peran pengarang atau Tuhan sehingga mampu menghadirkan pemaknaan ulang terhadap teks berupa potensi-potensi makna teks yang sekaligus menghindari pemaksaan terhadap pemaknaan tunggal yang umumnya dilakukan lembaga pemberi fatwa. Selain itu yang membedakannya dengan hermeneutika intelektual muslim kontemporer lain atau filosuf Barat adalah El-Fadl tidak mengakui kemampuan individu dalam menafsirkan teks, melainkan “komunitas” atau dalam bahasa fikih disebut mujtahid jam’ī dan mampu menjelaskan posisi Tuhan dalam tahapan menafsirkan teks tanpa harus menghilangkannya sebagaimana hermeneutika subjektif dari Barat.
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