MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN AYAT KONTRADIKTIF BERBASIS MAQĀṢID AL-SHARĪ’AH: Studi terhadap Ayat Perkawinan Beda Agama
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/teo.2017.28.1.1413Keywords:
ayat kontradiksi, maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, perkawinan beda agama, tarjih, pendekatan sistemAbstract
Abstract: The paper demonstrated approaches of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah in understanding contradictory verses. Methods available during this time, have been reflecting the firm dominance of languages in describing those verses. In sequence, the completion mechanisms of contradictory verses known are: 1) al-jam’ wa al-taufīq (combining and compromising the verses); 2) al-tarjīḥ (strengthening one of the verses); 3) an-naskh (amending the stipulation in one of the verses); and 4) al-tasāquṭ (restoring the stipulation in the general rule). The reading with linguistics-based, frequently makes the verse apart from its context. In contrast to the completion of this study, the reading of maqasid ash-shari’ah based on system approach as the method of analysis. The Quran is positioned as a system that has six features, namely the nature of cognition, holistic, inclusive, interconnect hierarchy, multidimensional, and purposiveness. These features will be applied to describe the contradictions of the verses. To be operational, it is arranged into four steps: 1) identifications of verses; 2) identifications of meanings; 3) explorations of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah; and 4) conclusion. The author found that this method can provide an applicative and unambiguous conclusion because it is consistent with the maqasid ash-shari’ah. The author takes the example verses of interfaith marriage. The Quran explicitly mentioned the stipulations of interfaith marriage in three verses. Two verses of them allow while the other verses forbid. In literbike, these verses seem contradictory.
Abstrak: Tulisan ini akan mendemonstrasikan pendekatan maqāṣid al-sharī’ah dalam memahami ayat-ayat kontradiktif. Metode yang tersedia selama ini, mencerminkan kokohnya dominasi kebahasaan dalam menguraikan ayat-ayat tersebut. Secara berurutan, mekanisme penyelesaian ayat kontradiktif yang dikenal adalah: 1) al-jam’ wa al-taufīq (menggabungkan dan mengkompromikan ayat); 2) at-tarjīḥ (menguatkan salah satu ayat); 3) al-naskh (mengamandemen ketentuan salah satu ayat); dan 4) at-tasāquṭ (mengembalikan ketentuan pada kaidah umum). Pembacaan tersebut, tidak jarang menjadikan ayat terlepas dari konteksnya. Ini berbeda dengan model penyelesaian yang ditawarkan dalam penelitian ini, yakni pembacaan berbasis maqasid asy-syari’ah dengan pendekatan sistem (system aproach) sebagai metode analisisnya. al-Qur’an diposisikan sebagai sebuah sistem yang memiliki enam fitur, yaitu sifat kognisi, holistik, inklusif, interkoneksi hierarki, multidimensi, dan kebermaksudan. Fitur- fitur tersebut akan diterapkan untuk menguraikan kontradiksi ayat. Adapun operasioanlisasinya tersusun menjadi empat langkah, yaitu: 1) identifikasi ayat; 2) identifikasi makna; 3) eksplorasi maqāṣid al-sharī’ah; dan 4) penarikan kesimpulan. Penulis mendapati bahwa metode ini dapat memberikan kesimpulan yang aplikatif dan tidak ambigu, karena sejurus dengan tujuan syariat. Penulis mengambil contoh ayat tentang perkawinan beda agama. al-Qur’an secara eksplisit menyebutkan ketentuan perkawinan beda agama dalam tiga ayat. Dua ayat diantaranya membolehkan, sedangkan satu ayat lainnya melarang. Secara tekstual, ayat-ayat tersebut nampak bertentangan.
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