Determination of Heavy Metal Contents in Milk Samples: A Review

Guilmer Rony Pari Condori*    -  National University of the Altiplano, Puno, Peru
Jhimmy Alberth Quisocala Herrera    -  National University of the Altiplano, Puno, Peru

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/wjc.v6i2.14471

In the dairy industry, mining is the main industry that affects the production of this food and its dairy products, with the contamination of heavy metals such as lead (pb), cadmium (cd) and mercury (Hg), a investigation of the different scientific articles, the purpose of this article is to present the different methods used to determine the concentrations of contaminants, such as the use of atomic absorption spectrometry in cow's milk, the method in this investigation begins with the collection of information from the bibliographic database of abstracts and citations of scientific articles Scopus, the selection of scientific production, working with fifty (50) scientific articles, with a maximum age of five (5) years having a subject in common, about the contamination of milk and dairy products, mass spectrometry to determine the level of contamination produced in milk , result that the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury exceed in all the samples analyzed, the FDA recommended permissible limits mainly that are greater than 0.020 mg / kg.

Keywords: heavy metals; cadmium; lead; mining

  1. Akele, M. L., Abebe, D. Z., Alemu, A. K., Assefa, A. G., Madhusudhan, A., & de Oliveira, R. R. (2017). Analysis of trace metal concentrations in raw cow’s milk from three dairy farms in North Gondar, Ethiopia: chemometric approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6203-0
  2. Aktar, S., Sarker, Y. A., Sachi, S., Ferdous, J., Noman, Z. A., Mohiuddin, K. M., & Sikder, M. H. (2020). Environmental contamination of lead in dairy farms in Narayangonj, Bangladesh. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 7(4), 621–625. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g460
  3. Beikzadeh, S., Ebrahimi, B., Mohammadi, R., Beikzadeh, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., & Foroumandi, E. (2019). Heavy metal contamination of milk and milk products consumed in Tabriz. Current Nutrition and Food Science, 15(5), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180509130851
  4. Borahan, T., Unutkan, T., Turan, N. B., Turak, F., & Bakırdere, S. (2019). Determination of lead in milk samples using vortex assisted deep eutectic solvent based liquid phase microextraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry system. Food Chemistry, 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125065
  5. Castro-Bedriñana, J., Chirinos-Peinado, D., Ríos-Ríos, E., Machuca-Campuzano, M., & Gómez-Ventura, E. (2021). Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112382
  6. Castro-González, N. P., Calderón-Sánchez, F., Castro de Jesús, J., Moreno-Rojas, R., Tamariz-Flores, J. V., Pérez-Sato, M., & Soní-Guillermo, E. (2018). Heavy metals in cow’s milk and cheese produced in areas irrigated with waste water in Puebla, Mexico. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 11(1), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1397060
  7. Castro-González, N. P., Moreno-Rojas, R., Calderón-Sánchez, F., Moreno-Orteg, A., & Tamariz-Flores, J. V. (2018). Heavy metals in milk from cows fed alfalfa produced in soils irrigated with wastewater in Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico | Metales pesados en leche de vacas alimentadas con alfalfa producida en suelos irrigados con aguas residuales en Puebla y Tlaxcala, Méxi. Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Pecuarias, 9(3), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v9i3.4358
  8. Castro Gonzalez, N. P., Moreno-Rojas, R., Calderón Sánchez, F., Moreno Ortega, A., & Juarez Meneses, M. (2017). Assessment risk to children’s health due to consumption of cow’s milk in polluted areas in Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 10(3), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1316320
  9. Dağcilar, K., & Gezer, C. (2021). aa. Progress in Nutrition, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v23i1.9384
  10. Davidov, I., Kovacevic, Z., Stojanovic, D., Pucarevic, M., Radinovic, M., Stojic, N., & Erdeljan, M. (2019). Contamination of cow milk by heavy metals in Serbia. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 47(1). https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.96366
  11. Fuchs, B., Thiel, A., Zedrosser, A., Brown, L., Hydeskov, H. B., Rodushkin, I., Evans, A. L., Boesen, A. H., Græsli, A. R., Kindberg, J., Kindberg, J., & Arnemo, J. M. (2021). High concentrations of lead (Pb) in blood and milk of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia. Environmental Pollution, 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117595
  12. Gardener, H., Bowen, J., & Callan, S. P. (2019). Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 822–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.026
  13. Giri, A., Bharti, V. K., Kalia, S., Kumar, B., & Chaurasia, O. P. (2021). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Through Cow Milk Consumption in Trans-Himalayan High-Altitude Region. Biological Trace Element Research, 199(12), 4572–4581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02593-6
  14. González-Montaña, J.-R., Senís, E., Alonso, A.-J., Alonso, M.-E., Alonso, M.-P., & Domínguez, J.-C. (2019). Some toxic metals (Al, As, Mo, Hg) from cow’s milk raised in a possibly contaminated area by different sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(28), 28909–28918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06036-7
  15. Hegazy, A. M., Khalifa, M. I., & Nasr, S. M. (2019). Monitoring of carcinogenic environmental pollutants in raw cows’ milk. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 12(1), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1658
  16. Hussein, A. J., Alhamed, T. A., & Ahmed, T. H. (2021). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fresh raw milk of cows pastured near Brick Kilns, Iraq. Indian Journal of Ecology, 48, 243–249.
  17. Igweze, Z. N., Ekhator, O. C., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2020). Lead and cadmium in infant milk and cereal based formulae marketed in Nigeria: a probabilistic non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 71(3), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2020.0129
  18. Iqbal, H., Ishfaq, M., Abbas, M. N., Wahab, A., Qayum, M., & Mehsud, S. (2016). Pathogenic bacteria and heavy metals toxicity assessments in evaluating unpasteurized raw milk quality through biochemical tests collected from dairy cows. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(11), 868–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61148-9
  19. Kakimov, A., Jilkisheva, A., Mayorov, A., Zharykbasova, K., Kakimova, Z., Mirasheva, G., Zharykbasov, Y., Zolotov, A., & Yessimbekov, Z. (2019). Developing the process parameters of milk pasteurization for reducing the concentration of toxic elements and radionuclides. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 14(13), 2443–2447.
  20. Kiani, A., Arabameri, M., Moazzen, M., Shariatifar, N., Aeenehvand, S., Khaniki, G. J., Abdel-Wahhab, M., & Shahsavari, S. (2022). Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in Baby Food and Milk Powder Using ICP-OES Method. Biological Trace Element Research, 200(5), 2486–2497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02808-w
  21. Koyuncu, M., & Alwazeer, D. (2019). Determination of trace elements, heavy metals, and antimony in polyethylene terephthalate–bottled local raw cow milk of Iğdır region in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7851-z
  22. Massoud, R., Khosravi-Darani, K., Sharifan, A., Asadi, G., & Zoghi, A. (2020). Lead and cadmium biosorption from milk by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(10), 5284–5291. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1825
  23. Năstăsescu, V., Mititelu, M., Goumenou, M., Docea, A. O., Renieri, E., Udeanu, D. I., Oprea, E., Arsene, A. L., Dinu-Pîrvu, C. E., & Ghica, M. (2020). Heavy metal and pesticide levels in dairy products: Evaluation of human health risk. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111844
  24. Norouzirad, R., González-Montaña, J.-R., Martínez-Pastor, F., Hosseini, H., Shahrouzian, A., Khabazkhoob, M., Ali Malayeri, F., Moallem Bandani, H., Paknejad, M., Foroughi-nia, B., Foroughi-nia, B., & Fooladi Moghaddam, A. (2018). Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries. Science of the Total Environment, 635, 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.138
  25. Parween, R., Nazim, K., Ara, D., Kishwer, F., & Shaukat, S. (2018). Assessment of environmental impact on physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals content of bovine milk available in Malir District. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31(2), 481–484.
  26. Patyal, A., Gill, J. P. S., Bedi, J. S., & Aulakh, R. S. (2021). Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in dairy animal concentrate feed from Punjab, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(28), 37705–37715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13321-x
  27. Perveen, I., Raza, M. A., Sehar, S., Naz, I., Young, B., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Heavy metal contamination in water, soil, and milk of the industrial area adjacent to Swan River, Islamabad, Pakistan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 23(7), 1564–1572. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1321956
  28. Pillay, V. V., Sasidharan, A., Arathy, S. L., Sundaram, K. R., & Greeshma, C. R. (2019). Detection and estimation of arsenic and lead in coconut water - A Kerala study. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 13(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2019.00005.7
  29. Pipoyan, D., Hovhannisyan, A., Beglaryan, M., & Mantovani, A. (2022). Risk assessment of potentially toxic trace elements via consumption of dairy products sold in the city of Yerevan, Armenia. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112922
  30. Preka, J., & Bekteshi, A. (2016). Preliminary data for the presence of heavy metals in raw milk in Shkodra. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 17(1), 164–170.
  31. Pšenková, M., Toman, R., & Tančin, V. (2020). Concentrations of toxic metals and essential elements in raw cow milk from areas with potentially undisturbed and highly disturbed environment in Slovakia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(21), 26763–26772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09093-5
  32. Qi, Z., Gao, X., Qi, Y., & Li, J. (2020). Spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in mollisol dairy farm. Environmental Pollution, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114621
  33. Qu, X.-Y., Zheng, N., Zhou, X.-W., Li, S.-L., Wang, J.-Q., & Zhang, W.-J. (2018). Analysis and Risk Assessment of Seven Toxic Element Residues in Raw Bovine Milk in China. Biological Trace Element Research, 183(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1116-x
  34. Ribeiro Sant’Ana, M. A., de Carvalho, T. C., & da Silva, I. F. (2021). Concentration of heavy metals in UHT dairy milk available in the markets of São Luís, Brazil, and potential health risk to children. Food Chemistry, 346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128961
  35. Rossi, M. C., Castanheira, I., & Sammán, N. C. (2019). Lead, cadmium and arsenic exposure of schoolchildren of northwest Argentina from a risk assessment study. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 36(9), 1314–1326. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1626997
  36. Sharifi, Sharifi, S. et al. 2022. “The AssSharifi, Sharifi, S. et al. 2022. “The A. of L. C. in R. M. C. from S. M. D. F. in I. and E. of A. H. R. . J. of E. H. S. and E. 20(1): 181–86. S. et al. 2022. “The A., Sohrabvandi, S., Mofid, V., Javanmardi, F., Khanniri, E., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2022). The assessment of lead concentration in raw milk collected from some major dairy farms in Iran and evaluation of associated health risk. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 20(1), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00765-z
  37. Sidawi, R. Al, Ghambashidze, G., Urushadze, T., & Ploeger, A. (2021). Heavy metal levels in milk and cheese produced in the kvemo kartli region, georgia. Foods, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092234
  38. Silva, L. P., Campos, N. D. S., Lisboa, T. P., de Faria, L. V., Matos, M. A. C., Matos, R. C., & de Sousa, R. A. (2021). Simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead and copper in chocolate samples by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 38(3), 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1857443
  39. Sobhanardakani, S. (2018). Human health risk assessment of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn through consumption of raw and pasteurized cow’s milk. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47(8), 1172–1180.
  40. Su, C., Gao, Y., Qu, X., Zhou, X., Yang, X., Huang, S., Han, L., Zheng, N., & Wang, J. (2021). The Occurrence, Pathways, and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Raw Milk from Industrial Areas in China. Toxics, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9120320
  41. Su, C., Liu, H., Qu, X., Zhou, X., Gao, Y., Yang, H., Zheng, N., & Wang, J. (2021). Heavy Metals in Raw Milk and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Vicinity of Leather-Processing Plants. Biological Trace Element Research, 199(9), 3303–3311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02470-8
  42. Sun, S., Zhang, H., Luo, Y., Guo, C., Ma, X., Fan, J., Chen, J., & Geng, N. (2022). Occurrence, accumulation, and health risks of heavy metals in Chinese market baskets. Science of the Total Environment, 829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154597
  43. Taher, K. N., & Ali, A. H. (2016). Determination of some heavy metals residues in raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Al-Qadisiya Governorate. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47(4), 1049–1055.
  44. Tebby, C., Caudeville, J., Fernandez, Y., & Brochot, C. (2022). Mapping blood lead levels in French children due to environmental contamination using a modeling approach. Science of the Total Environment, 808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152149
  45. Vasconcelos Neto, M. C. de, Silva, T. B. C., Araújo, V. E. de, & Souza, S. V. C. de. (2019). Lead contamination in food consumed and produced in Brazil: Systematic review and meta-analysis. In Food Research International (Vol. 126). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108671
  46. Wanniatie, V., Sudarwanto, M. B., Purnawarman, T., & Jayanegara, A. (2019). Chemical compositions, contaminants, and residues of organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, Indonesia. Veterinary World, 12(8), 1218–1224. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1218-1224
  47. Yasotha, A., Dabadé, D. S., Singh, V. P., & Sivakumar, T. (2021). Risk assessment of heavy metals in milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(5), 1799–1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00758-1
  48. Younus, M., Abbas, T., Zafar, M., Raza, S., Khan, A., Saleem, A. H., Idrees, M. A., Nisa, Q. U., Akhtar, R., & Saleem, G. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in raw milk for human consumption. South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 46(2), 166–169. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v46i2.7
  49. Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Liu, L., Zhan, N., Qin, J., Lu, X., & Cheng, M. (2021). Assessment of the risks from dietary lead exposure in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126134
  50. Zhou, X., Qu, X., Zheng, N., Su, C., Wang, J., & Soyeurt, H. (2019). Large scale study of the within and between spatial variability of lead, arsenic, and cadmium contamination of cow milk in China. Science of the Total Environment, 650(2), 3054–3061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.094
  51. Zhou, X., Zheng, N., Su, C., Wang, J., & Soyeurt, H. (2019). Relationships between Pb, As, Cr, and Cd in individual cows’ milk and milk composition and heavy metal contents in water, silage, and soil. Environmental Pollution, 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113322
  52. Zyambo, G., Yabe, J., Muzandu, K., M’kandawire, E., Choongo, K., Kataba, A., Chawinga, K., Liazambi, A., Nakayama, S. M. M., Nakata, H., Nakata, H., & Ishizuka, M. (2022). Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead–Zinc Mine in Kabwe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084757

Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

WJC: Walisongo Journal of Chemistry
Published by the Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl Prof. Dr. Hamka Kampus III Ngaliyan Semarang 50185
Website: https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/wjc
Email: wjc@walisongo.ac.id  wjc@walisongo.ac.id

ISSN: 2549-385X (Print)
ISSN: 2621-5985 (Online)




http://ready.dprd.jatimprov.go.id/images_dapil/user/toto-slot/

https://kelurahan-maleber.ciamiskab.go.id/wp-content/sthailand/

https://ekinerja.uho.ac.id/vendors/btogel/

http://ready.dprd.jatimprov.go.id/images_dapil/blog/sthailand/

http://gordonsserver.zyns.com/

https://awas.ojk.go.id/send_attachments/

https://ekinerja.uho.ac.id/temp/cgacor/

https://ekinerja.uho.ac.id/upload/-/toto-slot/

https://pafikonawemepokoasu.org/

https://alumni.eng.uho.ac.id/storage/produk/

https://alumni.eng.uho.ac.id/storage/jobs-cover/sthailand/

https://thailand.penerimaan.uinbanten.ac.id/

https://alumni.eng.uho.ac.id/storage/sgacor/

https://alumni.eng.uho.ac.id/storage/slot88/

https://lms-bima.bkkbn.go.id/js/sthailand/

https://akg.fkm.ui.ac.id/wp-content/cache/toto-slot/

https://keplinggau.poltekkespalembang.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/sthailand/

https://sinaubareng.jatengprov.go.id/-/sgacor/

https://lms-bima.bkkbn.go.id/fonts/rupiahslot/https://lms-bima.bkkbn.go.id/storage/toto-slot/

https://e-anjab.lampungutarakab.go.id/fonts/sthailand/

https://ppid.kaltimprov.go.id/uploads/produk/toto-slot/

https://ppid.kaltimprov.go.id/images/cgacor/

https://ppid.kaltimprov.go.id/sthailand/

https://repository.unib.ac.id/produk/sthailand/

https://repository.unib.ac.id/toto-slot/

https://pariwisata.kalteng.go.id/images/-/toto-slot/

https://pariwisata.kalteng.go.id/images/agenda/sthailand/

https://fassikolae.stifa.ac.id/login/toto-slot/

https://fassikolae.stifa.ac.id/tag/sthailand/

https://fassikolae.stifa.ac.id/mod/sdemo/

http://rsudwzjohanes.nttprov.go.id/web3/user/sdemo/

https://elearning.ummat.ac.id/mod/cgacor/

 https://elearning.ummat.ac.id/mod/cgacor/

https://elearning.ummat.ac.id/repository/toto-slot/

http://digilib.fe.unj.ac.id/bl/user/cgacor/

http://digilib.fe.unj.ac.id/bl/media/toto-slot/

http://digilib.fe.unj.ac.id/bl/tag/sdana/

http://digilib.fe.unj.ac.id/bl/login/sovo/

https://conference.unesa.ac.id/files/cgacor/

https://dpmptsp.inhilkab.go.id/wp-content/sgacor/

 https://repository.unida.ac.id/-/7gacor/

https://pmddukcapil.kepriprov.go.id/-/sthailand/

https://pmddukcapil.kepriprov.go.id/-/sgacor/

https://pmddukcapil.kepriprov.go.id/-/toto-slot/

https://jom.uin-suska.ac.id/-/cgacor/

https://jom.uin-suska.ac.id/-/sthailand/

https://jom.uin-suska.ac.id/-/toto-slot/

https://ukmc.feb.ui.ac.id/sgacor/

https://ukmc.feb.ui.ac.id/-/toto-slot/

https://ukmc.feb.ui.ac.id/-/sthailand/

 https://jurnal.ulb.ac.id/files_la_ulb-9809-exkripsi-file/journals/24/-/sthailand/

https://proceeding.unesa.ac.id/sthailand/

https://proceeding.unesa.ac.id/toto-slot/

https://www.revistas.uc.edu.ve/-/btogel/

https://www.revistas.uc.edu.ve/-/sthailand/

https://jurnal.ulb.ac.id/files_la_ulb-9809-exkripsi-file/journals/24/-/toto-slot/

https://phase.farmasi.ui.ac.id/-/s4d/

https://phase.farmasi.ui.ac.id/-/sgacor/

https://phase.farmasi.ui.ac.id/-/sthailand/

https://ekinerja.uho.ac.id/upload/lampiran_f/sgacor/

 

 

 

CASATOTO


apps