Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Capacity Measurement, and Mineral Content Determination of Thymus vulgaris L. Extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v6i2.17818Keywords:
Thymus vulgaris L., Phytochemical screening, Total phenolic, antioxidant contents, Mineral analysisAbstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. extracts. T. vulgaris L. is a medicinal plant that has various bioactive compounds. Four different solvents (ethanol, water, ethyl acetate, and chloroform) were used to extract these compounds from the plant. The phytochemical screening of the extracts showed that the ethanolic extract had the highest diversity of compounds, including coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrates, and proteins. The total phenolic and total antioxidant contents of the ethanolic extract were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu and phosphomolybdenum methods, respectively. The ethanolic extract had a high phenolic content of 77.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which indicates its potential antioxidant capacity. The mineral content of T. vulgaris L. was also assessed by flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry after dry digestion. The plant contained five macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P) and three microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn) in different concentrations. The highest concentration was found for potassium (15259 mg/kg), followed by calcium (5118 mg/kg) and sodium (4793 mg/kg). The lowest concentration was found for phosphorus (1400 mg/kg), which was still higher than the microelements. Among the microelements, zinc had the highest concentration (24.82 mg/kg), followed by iron (17.44 mg/kg) and copper (14.98 mg/kg). The results of this study provide useful information for the users, collectors and practitioners of medicinal plants from polluted areas, as they can evaluate the quality and safety of T. vulgaris L. for human consumption.
Downloads
References
Akbari, M., Razavi, S. H., Khodaiyan, F., Blesa, J., & Esteve, M. J. (2023). Fermented corn bran: A by-product with improved total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Sci. Technol., 184, 115090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115090
Al-aubadi I.M.K. (2011). The Nutritional and chemical content of basil leaves Ocimum basilicum L. J. Biotech Res. Center, 5(2), 67-74.
Albayrak, S., Aksoy, A., Albayrak, S., & Sağdiç, O. (2013). In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of some Lamiaceae species. “Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci., 37(A1), 1-9.
Alkherraz, A., Hashad, O., Elsherif, K. (2019). Heavy metals contents in some commercially available coffee, tea, and cocoa samples in Misurata City–Libya. Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res., 2(3), 99-107.
Amamra, S., Cartea, M.E., Belhaddad, O.E., Soengas, P., Baghiani, A., Kaabi, I., Arrar, L. (2018). Determination of total phenolics contents, antioxidant capacity of Thymus vulgaris extracts using electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 13, 7882-7893. https://doi.org/10:20964/2018:08:57
Becer, E., Altundağ, E. M., Güran, M., Vatansever, H. S., Ustürk, S., Hanoğlu, D. Y., Başer, K. H. C. (2023). Composition and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. S. Afr. J. Bot., 160, 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.028
Begum, T., Follett, P. A., Mahmud, J., Moskovchenko, L., Salmieri, S., Allahdad, Z., Lacroix, M. (2022). Silver nanoparticles-essential oils combined treatments to enhance the antibacterial and antifungal properties against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Microb. Pathog., 164, 105411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105411
Benbelaïd, F., Khadir, A., Abdoune, M. A., Bendahou, M. (2013). Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Thymus lanceolatus Desf. from Algeria. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 3(6), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60100-0
Dahiya, P., Purkayastha, S. (2012). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 74(5), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.108420
Daniel, V. N., Daniang, I. E., Nimyel, N. D. (2011). Phytochemical analysis and mineral elements composition of Ocimum basilicum obtained in jos metropolis, plateau state. Nigeria, IJET-IJENS, 11(6), 161-165.
Divya, M., Shanti, G., Amalraj, S., Amiri-Ardekani, E., Gurav, S., & Ayyanar, M. (2023). Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and Oldenlandia umbellata L. whole plant extracts. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 8, 100286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100286
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G., Uche, L. C. (2006). Chemical composition of Hyptis suaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum hybrids from Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(10), 892-895.
Elbagermi, M. A., Antisar, A. B., Elsherif, K. M. (2020). Evaluation of essential and heavy metal levels in pasteurized and long-life cow milk. Int. J. Adv. Pharm., 8(1), 6-14.
Elsherif, K.M., & Aljaroushi, A.M. (2021). Biochemical Properties Evaluation of some Libyan dates. Chem. Rev. Lett., 4(4), 213-220. https://doi:10:22034/CRL:2021:252938:1057
Elsherif, K.M.M., Ewlad-Ahmed, A.M., Alhlbad, E.A.A. (2023). Evaluation of some Chemical and Biochemical Constituents in Ocimum Basilicum Available in Msallata City- Libya. Adv. J. Chem. Sect. B: Nat. Prod. Med. Chem., 5(2), 197-212. https://doi.org/10:22034/ajcb:2023:385782:1155
Habashy, N. H., Abu Serieb, M. M., Attiaa, W. E., & Abdelgaleilc, S. A. M. (2018). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Greek Thymus vulgaris extracts and their possible synergism with Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris. J. Funct. Foods, 40, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.022
Habashy, N. H., Abu Serieb, M. M., Attiaa, W. E., Abdelgaleilc, S. A. M. (2018). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Greek Thymus vulgaris extracts and their possible synergism with Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris. J. Funct. Foods, 40, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.022
Ifesan, B.O.T., Ijarotimi, O.S., Osundahunsi, O.F. (2006). Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Ocimum sp. J. Food Technol., 4, 318-321.
Kalinda, R.S., Rioba, N.B. (2020). Phytochemical Analysis and Efficacy of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) and Mint (Mentha Spicata) Extracts Against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda) on Baby Corn (Zea Mays). Plant. Acta Chem. Malays., 4(2), 66-71.
Kaska, A., Çiçek, M., Deniz, N., & Mammadov, R. (2018). Investigation of Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Capacities, Anthelmintic and Cytotoxic Activities of Thymus zygioides Griseb. J. Pharm. Res. Int., 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2018/39688
Khazdair, M. R., Gholamnezhad, Z., Rezaee, R., & Boskabady, M. H. (2021). Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Thymus vulgaris, Zataria multiflora, and Portulaca oleracea and their constituents. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 1(1), 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100010
Labiad, M.H., Harhar, H., Ghanimi, A., Tabyaoui, M. (2017). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Thymus satureioïdes extracts. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 8(6), 2132-2139.
Li, K., Xia, T., Jiang, Y., Wang, N., Lai, L., Xu, S., Yue, X., Xin, H. (2024). A review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and potential uses of Portulaca oleracea L. J. Ethnopharmacol., 319(2), 117211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117211
Nadeem, H.R., Akhtar, S., Sestili, P., Ismail, T., Neugart, S., Qamar, M., Esatbeyoglu, T., (2022), Toxicity, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemicals of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, Food, 11(9), 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091239
Nadi, A., Shiravi, A. A., Mohammadi, Z., Aslani, A., Zeinalian, M. (2023). Thymus vulgaris, a natural pharmacy against COVID-19: A molecular review. J. Herb. Med., 38, 100635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100635
Najah, Z., Elsherif, K.M. (2016). Analytical and Phytochemical Studies on Zizphus Lotus. Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 3(7), 574-577.
Najah, Z., Elsherif, K.M., Kawan, E., Farah, N. (2015). Phytochemical Screening and Heavy Metals Contents of Nicotiana Glauca Plant. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res. ,4(3), 82-91.
Nema, S. S., Shaban, T. M. A., El-Banna, H. A., Radi, A. M., El-Gendy, A. A., Owis, A. I. (2015). Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4(10), 1988-2001.
Patil, S. M., Ramu, R., Shirahatti, P. S., Shivamallu, C., Amachawadi, R. G. (2021). A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon, 7(5), e07054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07054
Posgay, M., Greff, B., Kapcsandi, V., Lakatos, E. (2022). Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and thymol on the microbiological properties of meat and meat products: A review. Heliyon, 8(1), e10812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10812
Roby, M.H.H., Sarhan,M.A., Selim, K.A.H., Khalel, I.K. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant activity,total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.),sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind. Crops Prod., 43, 827-831. http://dx.doi.org/10:1016/j.indcrop:2012:08:029
Sadowska, U., Kopeć, A., Kourimska, L., Zarubova, L., Kloucek, P. (2017). The effect of drying methods on the concentration of compounds in sage and thyme. J. Food Process. Preserv., 41(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10:1111/jfpp:13286
Yaghi, M.M., Elsherif, K.M., El Ziani, N.O. (2022). Heavy Metals Analysis of Baby Cereal Available in the Libyan Markets. Libyan J. Basic Sci., 19(3), 1-12.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to published articles. Therefore, the author must submit a statement of the Copyright Transfer Agreement.*)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
*) Authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive confirmation via email to send a Copyright Transfer Agreement.
