Characterization of microbiological quality and physico-chemical parameters of clean water in primary healthcare facilities within the Kalideres District

Abstract

The availability of clean water that meets quality standards in primary healthcare facilities is a fundamental requirement to prevent nosocomial infections and ensure patient safety. This study aims to characterize the microbiological quality and physico-chemical parameters of clean water within the Kalideres Community Health Center (Puskesmas) and its supporting units, based on the standards of the Minister of Health Regulation Number 2 of 2023. Water sampling and testing across 11 locations were conducted using the aseptic grab sampling method, in compliance with a combination of international ISO standards, Indonesian National Standards (SNI), APHA Standard Methods, and the laboratory's internal Work Instructions (IK). The results indicate significant water quality degradation, particularly regarding microbiological parameters, where locations such as the Pegadungan 1 Supporting Health Center (Pustu) exhibited Total Coliform levels exceeding >1000 colonies/100ml, and the Kalideres Community Health Center unit was found to be contaminated with both Total Coliform and E. coli at concentrations surpassing >1000 colonies/100ml. Physical parameters showed critical values for turbidity at Pustu Kamal 2, reaching 19.10 NTU, which far exceeds the 3 NTU regulatory limit. Chemically, Manganese (Mn) concentrations were detected exceeding the 0.1 mg/L threshold at Pustu Pegadungan 4 (0.2455 mg/L) and Pustu Pegadungan 2 (0.1227 mg/L). In conclusion, the water quality in the majority of primary healthcare facilities in the Kalideres region is in a concerning state due to massive bacteriological contamination and non-compliance with several physico-chemical parameters. This situation underscores the urgent need for technical interventions, including the implementation of water treatment systems and more rigorous disinfection protocols, to mitigate health risks for both medical staff and the general public.