To Remember and Forget: Reconstructing the Imaginary Reality of the Nationalism of Former East Timorese Refugees in Sukabitete, East Nusa Tenggara
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2024.8.1.17445Keywords:
imaginary reality, nationalism, refugees, Timor Timur, Timor LesteAbstract
The release of the Province of East Timor from Indonesia in 1999 resulted in the displacement of East Timorese from the East Timor region to several provinces in Indonesia. Some refugees remained in Indonesia and chose to become Indonesian citizens. As new citizens, the former East Timor refugees experienced a struggle to foster a sense of nationalism toward Indonesia. This article originates from the results of qualitative reflective research using literature data and archival notes from former East Timor refugees, which were analyzed using ethnographic content analysis and rhetorical analysis methods. The study concludes that memories of past life in East Timor and the present reality of life in ex-refugee settlements in Indonesia generate diverse imaginations about Indonesia. To build a sense of nationality, the former East Timorese refugees must reconstruct their imaginations about Indonesia based on the past and present realities they have experienced, which are not all imaginary.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustaman. 2017. “Imajinasi Kebangsaan di Nusantara: Suatu Kajian Bibliografis.” Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies 13(2). doi: 10.18196/AIIJIS.2017.0072.168-203.
Anderson, Benedict. 2001. Imagined Communities: Komunitas-komunitas Terbayang. INSIST Press - Pustaka Pelajar.
Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. 1999. “Indonesian Nationalism Today and in the Future.” Indonesia 67:1. doi: 10.2307/3351374.
Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. 2016. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Bertrand, Jacques. 2012. Nasionalisme dan Konflik Etnis di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.
Bria, Maxi Alo. 2018. “Bahan Diskusi Terfokus Penelitian Nasionalisme Eks Pengungsi Timor Timur.”
Calhoun, Craig. 2016. “The Importance of Imagined Communities – and Benedict Anderson.” Annual Review. Debats. Revista de Cultura, Poder i Societat 1:11–16. doi: 10.28939/iam.debats-en.2016-1.
Dolan, Chris, Judith Large, and Naoko Obi. 2004. Evaluation of UNHCR’s Repatriation and Reintegration Programme in East Timor.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2010. Ethnicity and Nationalism Anthropological Approach. 3rd ed. London: Pluto Press.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2019. “The Epistemological Status of the Concept of Ethnicity.” Anthropological Notebooks 25(1):27–36.
Fanggidae, Silvia. 2014. Masalah Pendataan Warga Eks Timor-Timur yang Partisipatif dan Kolaboratif di Kabupaten Kupang. Yogyakarta: Institute for Research and Empowerment (IRE).
Finlayson, Alan. 1998. “Ideology, Discourse and Nationalism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 3(1):99–118. doi: 10.1080/13569319808420771.
Gellner, Ernest. 1964. Thought and Change. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Gellner, Ernest. 2006. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hun, Koh Young. n.d. “Nasionalisme dan Komunitas Terbayang dalam Karya-karya Novel Pramoedya Ananta Toer.”
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2019. “Religious Nationalism in a Global World.” Religions 10(2):97. doi: 10.3390/rel10020097.
Karman, Karman, and Somo Arifianto. 2021. “Representation of Micro Nationalism in Social Media: A Problem for Indonesia as ‘Imagined Community.’” Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi 24(1):15–28. doi: 10.20422/jpk.v24i1.758.
Keskinen, Suvi. 2016. “From Welfare Nationalism to Welfare Chauvinism: Economic Rhetoric, the Welfare State and Changing Asylum Policies in Finland.” Critical Social Policy 36(3):352–70. doi: 10.1177/0261018315624170.
Kettunen, P. 2011. “Welfare Nationalism and Competitive Community.” pp. 79–117 in Welfare citizenship and welfare nationalism, edited by A. Suszycki. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Khamdan, Muh. 2016. “Pengembangan Nasionalisme Keagamaan sebagai Strategi Penanganan Potensi Radikalisme Islam Transnasional.” Addin 10(1):207–32. doi: 10.21043/addin.v10i1.1135.
Komisi Penerimaan, Kebenaran, dan Rekonsiliasi di Timor-Leste. 2010. “Chega!, Laporan Komisi Penerimaan, Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (CAVR) di Timor-Leste.”
Krippendorff, Klaus. 2019. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Kuisma, Mikko. 2007. “Social Democratic Internationalism and the Welfare State after the ‘Golden Age.’” Cooperation and Conflict 42(1):9–26. doi: 10.1177/0010836707073474.
Kymlicka, Will. 2002. Kewargaan Multikultural. edited by W. Widjanarko. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES Indonesia.
Laclau, E. 1979. Politic and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism-Fascism-Populism. London: Verso.
Lake, Silverius C. J. M. 2018. “Eks Pengungsi Timor Timur antara Keprihatinan dan Loyalitas Kewarganegaraan.”
Lie, Liana Maria Callista. 2019. “Fasilitas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Noelbaki di Kabupaten Kupang.” EDimensi Arsitektur Petra 7(1):961–68.
Likumahwa, George Marthen, Mus J. Huliselan, John A. Titaley, and Simon Pieter Soegijono. 2024. “Imajinasi Nasionalisme dalam Perspektif Teoritik Kebangsaan dan Agama.” Arumbae: Jurnal Ilmiah Teologi dan Studi Agama 6(1):132–52. doi: 10.37429/arumbae.v6i1.1258.
Lohanda, Mona. 1975. “Nasionalisme Indonesia dan Pembentukan Nation.” Berita Antropologi.
Mas’oed, Mochtar, Mochammad Maksum, and Moh Soehadha. 2003. Kekerasan Kolektif Kondisi dan Pemicu. Yogyakarta: P3PK UGM.
Murdani, Andika, and Halifa Haqqi. 2023. “Penguatan Nilai Nasionalisme Melalui Kearifan Lokal bagi Gen-Z sebagai Counter Hegemoni Asing.” Journal of Human and Education (JAHE) 3(4):236–242. doi: 10.31004/jh.v3i4.366.
Neonbasu, Gregor. 2017. Citra Manusia Berbudaya Sebuah Monografi tentang Timor dalam Perspektif Melanesia. Jakarta: Antara Publishing.
Phuong, Catherine. 2000. “Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees: Conceptual Differences and Similarities.” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 18(2):215–29. doi: 10.1177/092405190001800204.
Purwanto, Bambang. 2001. “Memahami Kembali Nasionalisme Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 4(3):243–64. doi: 10.22146/jsp.11111.
Renan, Ernest. 1995. “What Is a Nation? (1882).” pp. 48–60 in Nationalism in Europe: From 1815 to the Present. London: Routledge.
Snyder, Louis Leo. 1968. The Meaning of Nationalism. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Soares, Octavio A. J. O. 1997. “Antara Fretilin dan Jose Manuel Ramos Horta (Sebuah Pandangan Umum).” in Perjuangan Kemerdekaan Rakyat Timor Loro Sa’e. Yogyakarta: Penerbit East Student Movement.
Soehadha, Moh. 2019. “Penguatan Identitas dan Segregasi Sosial Komunitas Eks Pengungsi Timor Timur di Sukabitetek, Nusa Tenggara Timur.” Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 13(2):351–78. doi: 10.14421/jsr.v13i12.1563.
Syahnakri, Kiki. 2014. Timor Timur the Untold Story. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Völkel, Bärbel. 2014. “Nationalism-Ethnicity-Racism. Thinking History in a World of Nations.” Review of History and Political Science 2(1):29–50.
Ward, Rowena. 2019. “‘National’ and ‘Official’ Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific.” Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 16(1–2):82–100. doi: 10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510.
Wassel, Todd. 2014. Timor-Leste: Links between Peacebuilding, Conflict Prevention and Durable Solutions to Displacement. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution.
Wuryandari, Ganewati, Firman Noor, and Cahyo Pamungkas. 2009. Keamanan di Perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste Sumber Ancaman dan Kebijakan Pengelolaannya. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar dan P2P-LIPI.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles. Therefore, the author must submit a statement of the Copyright Transfer Agreement.*)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
________
*) Authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive confirmation via email and send a Copyright Transfer Agreement.
