Women’s Morals or Customary Panopticism? Re-examining the Sumbang Duo Baleh in Minangkabau, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The shariatization of customs and regional regulations on women form an interdependence between morality, sexuality, and the nation. Currently, there are at least fifteen Shari’a regulations in West Sumatra that target women's bodies and expressions. This study employs a reflective approach, drawing from personal experience in the Minangkabau context, and critically examines the concept of sumbang duo baleh—a set of twelve female characteristics deemed inappropriate according to custom. Aiming to trace the roots of these regional regulations or Shari’a policies in West Sumatra, especially those regulating women's activity and expression, the analysis focuses on three key issues: First, custom-discursiveness and shariatization of the body and morals of Minang women nowadays. Second, the portrait of women in the sumbang duo baleh, critical factors, and how women’s characters are projected into custom ideals. Third, moral construction through the gaze mechanism and its implementation in the Shari’a regulations. This systematic analysis reveals underlying gender injustice in the way individuals are positioned within the framework of sumbang duo baleh.
__________
The original draft of this article has been presented at the 23rd Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS), February 1-4, 2024 at Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the accepted article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform, or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
References
Abdullah, Taufik. 1966. “Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau.” Indonesia 2:1. doi: 10.2307/3350753.
Arrasuli, Syekh Sulaiman. 2003. Pertalian Adat dan Syara’. Tangerang Selatan: Ciputat Press.
Astuti, Fuji. 2019. “The Transformation of Sumbang Duo Baleh Values for Minangkabau Women Dancers (Based on Local Culture).” Proceedings of the International Conference on Arts and Design Education (ICADE 2018) 255:114–18. doi: 10.2991/icade-18.2019.26.
Azra, Azyumardi. 2017. Surau: Pendidikan Islam Tradisionalis dalam Transisi dan Modernisasi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Candraningrum, Dewi. 2011. “Membongkar Kontrol Tatapan: Perempuan dalam Ruang Gemeinschaft dan Gesellschaft.” Jurnal Perempuan 71:83–97.
Davies, Sharyn Graham. 2014. “Surveilling Sexuality in Indonesia.” in Sex and Sexualities in Contemporary Indonesia, edited by L. R. Bennett and S. G. Davies. London: Routledge.
Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. England: Penguin Books.
Gani, Erizal. 2020. “Sumbang Duo Baleh: Education-valued Expression for Minangkabau Women.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE 2020) 142–46. doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.201109.024.
Guyanie, Gugun El, and Moh Tamtowi. 2022. “Politik Legislasi Perda Syari’ah di Sumatera Barat.” Staatsrecht: Jurnal Hukum Kenegaraan dan Politik Islam 1(1):1–17. doi: 10.14421/staatsrecht.v1i1.2377.
Huda, Yasrul. 2013. “Contesting Sharia: State Law, Decentralization and Minangkabau Custom." [Doctoral Thesis]. Universiteit Leiden.
Iskandar, Sandhy Pangfirstda, Mardianto Mardianto, and Yanladila Yeltas Putra. 2014. “Konsep Sumbang Duo Baleh dalam Tinjauan Psikologi.” RAP UNP 5(2):180–91.
Jamil, Muhammad. 2018. Sumbang 12: Serial Buku Adat ABS-SBK. Bukittinggi: Cinta Buku Agency.
Jamil, Muhammad. 2019a. Bundo Kanduang di Minangkabau. Bukittinggi: Cinta Buku Agency.
Jamil, Muhammad. 2019b. Padusi Minang: Mencari Identitas Bundo Kanduang Ideal Menurut Islam. Kediri: Fam Publishing.
Jelly, Jelly, Afrizal Afrizal, and Maskota Delfi. 2019. “Palang Pintu: Politik Identitas Laki-Laki Minangkabau Sebagai Sebuah Respon.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 9(1):251–268.
Juliana, Juliana, and Ismaniar Ismaniar. 2022. “Understanding of Sumbang Duo Baleh in Increasing Positive Behavior from Early Age (Case Study at Istiqamah Early Childhood Education at Agam Regency).” Spektrum: Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah (PLS) 10(1):150–59. doi: 10.24036/spektrumpls.v10i1.114778.
Kassim, Azizah. 1992. “Women in the Matrilineal Adapt Perpatih Society in Malaysia: Continuity and Change.” Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter 20(57):3–14. doi: 10.1080/03062849208729775.
Katik, Musra Dahrizal. 2020. “Sumbang 12 di Minangkabau Bersama Mak Katik.” Podcast Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya (BPNB) Sumatera Barat. Retrieved (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cet1bJQsyb4).
Marh, Fahmi, Yang Junchu, Selvi Kasman, and Hafif HR. 2022. “Becoming Unggan Women: Subjectivity and Individuality.” Ekspresi Seni: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Karya Seni 24(1):12–31. doi: 10.26887/ekspresi.v24i1.1635.
Meiyenti, Sri, and Afrida Afrida. 2018. “The Inequality of Right and Obligation of Minangkabau Men in Matrilineal System.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan 7(1):12–22. doi: 10.22202/mamangan.2466.
Morelent, Yetty, Romi Isnanda, Gusnetti Gusnetti, and Popi Fauziati. 2021. “Pembentukan Karakter dan Implementasi Budaya Perempuan Minang Melalui Aturan Sumbang Duo Baleh di Sekolah Menengah Sumatera Barat.” JSHP: Jurnal Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 6(1):41–49. doi: 10.32487/jshp.v6i1.1246.
Putri, Yolanda Pratami, Syofiani Syofiani, and Romi Isnanda. 2020. “Sumbang Duo Baleh in Limpapeh’s Novel by A.R Rizal a Contemplation of Literarary Sosiology.” Jurnal Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (Kumpulan Artikel Wisudawan) 10(1).
Rahmat, Hayatul Khairul, Nabila Rizqillah Salsabila, Erika Nurliawati, Rara Eka Yurika, Siska Mandalia, Syahti Pernanda, and Fadli Arif. 2022. “Bibliokonseling Berbasis Nilai-Nilai Sumbang Duo Baleh dalam Membangun Karakter Positif Bagi Remaja di Minangkabau.” Pp. 53–66 in 2nd NCESCO: Local Valus Based Character Building on Islamic Moderation for Counseling and Education. Vol. 2.
Rohidin, Rohidin, M. Syafi’ie, Despan Heryansyah, Sahid Hadi, and Mahrus Ali. 2023. “Exclusive Policy in Guaranteeing Freedom of Religion and Belief: A Study on the Existence of Sharia-Based Local Regulations in Indonesia and Its Problems.” Cogent Social Sciences 9(1). doi: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2202939.
Salim, Delmus Puneri. 2013. “Islam, Politics and Identity in West Sumatra.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 7(1):96–118. doi: 10.15642/JIIS.2013.7.1.96-118.
Saputri, Rahmah Eka, Amril, Erma Gusti, and Nurjannah. 2024. “Under the Shadow of Patriarchy: Women Position in Minangkabau Matrilineal System.” AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 9(2):393–411. doi: 10.29240/ajis.v9i2.10149.
Sari, Rustika Eka, and Farida Mayar. 2021. “The Implementation of the Sumbang Kurenah Method to the Development of Early Children’s Character.” Jurnal Basicedu 5(2):654–62. doi: 10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.784.
Sudarto, Sudarto. 2008. “Peraturan Daerah dan Kearifan terhadap Perempuan.” Jurnal Perempuan 57:7–20.
Sulistyati, Mardian. 2022. “Male Order dalam Konstruksi Seksualitas Perempuan Minangkabau.” Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 21(2):157–69. doi: 10.14421/musawa.2022.212.157-169.
Syaputra, Yogi Damai, Nur Hidayah, Carolina Ligya Radjah, and M. Ramli. 2020. “Revitalization of Cultural Values in Moral Education.” Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(3):1501–1512.
Syarifuddin, Amir. 1984. Pelaksanaan Hukum Kewarisan Islam dalam Lingkungan Adat Minangkabau. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
Taufik, Zulfan. 2024. “Sharia-Based Custom and the Politics of Religious Freedom in Contemporary West Sumatra, Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 8(1):115–42. doi: 10.19184/jseahr.v8i1.40622.
Thayib, Raudhah. 2022. “Sumbang Duo Baleh.” YouTube. Retrieved (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA_cKwtZBUY&t=4591s).
Weeks, Jeffrey. 2013. Sexuality. 5th ed. London: Routledge.
Zuriati, Zuriati. 2007. Undang-Undang Minangkabau dalam Perspektif Ulama Sufi. Padang: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Andalas.