Urbanization and Local Economic Transformation: A Case Study in Bone Regency, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Urbanization is a socio economic phenomenon that continues to develop in various regions, including Indonesia, and significantly influences local economic transformation and social change. This study examines how urbanization shapes adaptive economic strategies, social mobility, and economic conditions in Bone Regency, Indonesia. A qualitative case study approach was employed using the analytical frameworks of Miles & Huberman and Spradley. Informants were selected purposively, while data validity was ensured through triangulation techniques. The findings reveal that urbanization is driven by economic pressures, employment opportunities, accessibility, and technological development. Urbanization encourages people to adopt adaptive livelihood strategies through temporary and circular mobility between rural and urban areas. At the same time, urbanization contributes to social change, labor transformation, and increased urban economic activity. However, it also generates challenges such as urban poverty, income inequality, unemployment, congestion, and the growth of informal settlements. Therefore, sustainable policies are needed to balance urban growth, local economic transformation, and social welfare in both rural and urban areas.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the accepted article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal retains the publishing rights to the articles it publishes.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform, or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
References
Abbas, Syed Ali, Saroja Selvanathan, and Eliyathamby A. Selvanathan. 2023. “Structural Transformation, Urbanization, and Remittances in Developing Countries: A Panel VAR Analysis.” Economic Analysis and Policy 79:55–69. doi:10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.010.
Anisyaturrobiah, Arifah. 2021. “Dampak Urbanisasi terhadap Penyediaan Pemukiman dan Perumahan di Wilayah Perkotaan.” Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 1(2):43–54. doi:10.55606/jebaku.v1i2.136.
Ashari, Moh Isa, and Ahmad Kafrawi Mahmud. 2018. “Apakah yang Memengaruhi Fenomena Migrasi Masuk ke Wilayah Perkotaan?” EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies) 5(1):61. doi:10.24252/ecc.v5i1.5237.
Asmirah, Asmirah, Batara Surya, and Iskandar Iskandar. 2022. “Mobilitas Migran Perkotaan di Kota Makassar Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia.” Yume: Journal of Management 5(1):487–93.
Campbell, David J. T., Helen Tam-Tham, Kirnvir K. Dhaliwal, Braden J. Manns, Brenda R. Hemmelgarn, Claudia Sanmartin, and Kathryn King-Shier. 2017. “Use of Mixed Methods Research in Research on Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension.” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 10(1):1–11. doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003310.
Campbell, Rebecca, Debra Patterson, and Deborah Bybee. 2011. “Using Mixed Methods to Evaluate a Community Intervention for Sexual Assault Survivors: A Methodological Tale.” Violence Against Women 17(3):376–88. doi:10.1177/1077801211398622.
Chen, Mingxing, Xinrong Huang, Jiafan Cheng, Zhipeng Tang, and Gengzhi Huang. 2023. “Urbanization and Vulnerable Employment: Empirical Evidence from 163 Countries in 1991–2019.” Cities 135:104208. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104208.
Creswell, John W. 2004. “Designing a Mixed Methods Study in Primary Care.” The Annals of Family Medicine 2(1):7–12. doi:10.1370/afm.104.
Cundill, Georgina, Chandni Singh, William Neil Adger, Ricardo Safra de Campos, Katharine Vincent, Mark Tebboth, and Amina Maharjan. 2021. “Toward a Climate Mobilities Research Agenda: Intersectionality, Immobility, and Policy Responses.” Global Environmental Change 69:102315. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102315.
Dewi, Yusriani Sapta. 2022. “Arus Urbanisasi dan Smart City.” Prosiding 1(1):21–27. doi:10.59134/prosidng.v1i01.71.
Feriyanda, Feriyanda, and Mu’arya Sinaga. 2023. “Teori dan Kebijakan Urbanisasi dan Migrasi Desa Kota.” JIKEM: Jurnal Ilmu Komputer, Ekonomi dan Manajemen 3(2):5928–35.
Fischer, Claude S. 1975. “Toward a Subcultural Theory of Urbanism.” American Journal of Sociology 80(6):1319–41.
Fleischer, Kyle, Florence Britton, Averyl Bachi, Benedetto Mondelli, Michael Adamczyk, Priya Narayanan, and Shaheen Khazali. 2025. “Robotic-assisted Excision of an Accessory Cavitated Uterine Malformation with Indocyanine Green Assessment of the Uterine Cavity.” Fertility and Sterility 123(4):730–32. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.12.033.
Gmelch, George, and Walter P. Zenner. 1980. Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc.
Gurung, Tashi W., Emily Amburgey, and Sienna R. Craig. 2021. “Unsettling the American Dream: Mobility, Migration and Precarity among Translocal Himalayan Communities during COVID‐19.” Development and Change 52(6):1277–1300. doi:10.1111/dech.12670.
Ha, Nguyen Minh, Nguyen Le Dang, and Pham Trung-Kien. 2021. “The Impact of Urbanization on Poverty Reduction: An Evidence from Vietnam” edited by F. Tajani. Cogent Economics & Finance 9(1):1–14. doi:10.1080/23322039.2021.1918838.
Hidayati, Inayah. 2021. “Urbanisasi dan Dampak Sosial di Kota Besar Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial 7(2):212–21. doi:10.23887/jiis.v7i2.40517.
Janker, Judith, and Susan Thieme. 2021. “Migration and Justice in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals: A Conceptual Framework.” Sustainability Science 16(5):1423–37. doi:10.1007/s11625-021-00958-3.
Kanbur, Ravi, and Juzhong Zhuang. 2013. “Urbanization and Inequality in Asia.” SSRN Electronic Journal 30(1):131–46. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2260109.
Kuddus, Md Abdul, Elizabeth Tynan, and Emma McBryde. 2020. “Urbanization: A Problem for the Rich and the Poor?” Public Health Reviews 41(1):1. doi:10.1186/s40985-019-0116-0.
Lederbogen, Florian, Peter Kirsch, Leila Haddad, Fabian Streit, Heike Tost, Philipp Schuch, Stefan Wüst, Jens C. Pruessner, Marcella Rietschel, Michael Deuschle, and Andreas Meyer-lindenberg. 2011. “City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans.” Nature 474(7352):498–501.
Lee, Everett S. 1966. “A Theory of Migration.” Demography 3(1):47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063.
Liddle, Brantley. 2017. “Urbanization and Inequality/Poverty.” Urban Science 1(4):35. doi:10.3390/urbansci1040035.
Lisa Aulia Putri, and Sam’un Mukramin. 2023. “Kemiskinan Masyarakat Petani di Desa Bone, Kec. Bajeng, Kab. Gowa.” Tuturan: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Sosial dan Humaniora 1(3):102–21. doi:10.47861/tuturan.v1i3.337.
Liu, Zhong, and Zuanjiu Zhou. 2022. “Rural Centralized Residence and Labor Migration: Evidence from China.” Growth and Change 53(4):1592–1608. doi:10.1111/grow.12556.
Lloyd-Jones, Tony, and Carole Rakodi. 2014. Urban Livelihoods. London: Routledge.
Lu, Chong, and Guangkun Chen. 2024. “The Impact of Subjective Intergenerational Mobility on Well-being: Evidence from China.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11(1):1364. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03883-9.
Maharani, Alda Risma, Farida Ratu Wargadalem, and Sani Safitri. 2024. “Urbanisasi Dalam Tinjauan Historis: Studi Kasus Pemukiman Kumuh di Kelurahan 3-4 Ulu Kota Palembang, 2010-2020.” Fajar Historia: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah dan Pendidikan 8(1):30–51. doi:10.29408/fhs.v8i1.22524.
Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, and Rakhshanda Kousar. 2021. “Gender in Agriculture: Determinants of Female Labor Supply Decisions among Rural Households in the Context of Market Imperfections in Pakistan.” Agricultural Economics 52(2):235–48. doi:10.1111/agec.12616.
Marsubrin, Putri Maharani Tristanita, Naufal Arkan Abiyyu Ibrahim, Mohammad Adya Firmansha Dilmy, Yulia Ariani, Budi Wiweko, Rima Irwinda, Achmad Kemal Harzif, Badriul Hegar, and Ray Wagiu Basrowi. 2024. “Determinants of Prematurity in Urban Indonesia: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Perinatal Medicine 52(3):270–82. doi:10.1515/jpm-2023-0151.
Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. New York: SAGE Publications Inc.
Monica, B. R. E. Z. Z. I. 2018. Divided Cities: Understanding Intra-urban Inequalities-Urban Inequalities Are Found at the Neighbourhood Level.
Mufarih, Muhammad Azka Fajar, Mansur Chadi Mursid, and Marlina Marlina. 2022. “Dampak Urbanisasi terhadap Gerak Mobilitas Sosial Khususnya bagi Kesejahteraan Pedagang Kaki Lima di Kecamatan Kajen Kab. Pekalongan.” Sahmiyya: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 1(1):143–49.
Mukramin, Sam’un, Fatimah Azis, Maemunah Maemunah, and St. Haniah Haniah. 2022. “Socioeconomic Analysis of Street Vendors after Relocationin Makassar City (Family Sociology Prospective Study).” Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 3(1):347–55. doi:10.52728/ijss.v3i1.396.
Nabal, Alfred Rodriques Januar, and Komara Djaja. 2022. “Dampak Kepariwisataan terhadap Perubahan Pola Urbanisasi di Indonesia.” Region: Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Perencanaan Partisipatif 17(1):70. doi:10.20961/region.v17i1.41465.
Naufal, Hanif Afif, Mulyanto, and Suryanto. 2023. “The Effect of Social Infrastructure on Rural Poverty in Indonesia with the Village Development Index as Moderation Variable.” Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah 18(1):85–96. doi:10.32424/1.erjpe.2023.18.1.3340.
OECD. 2018. Divided Cities: Understanding Intra‑Urban Inequalities. OECD Publishing.
Pan, Xinyue, Tian He, Yu Lang, Chengxin Liu, and Jie Zhang. 2026. “Nonlinear Relationships and Threshold Effects between Township- and Village-Level Transportation and the Return Migration of Rural Migrants for Housing Construction.” Cities 173:106937. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2026.106937.
Pradhan, Rudra P., Mak B. Arvin, and Mahendhiran Nair. 2021. “Urbanization, Transportation Infrastructure, ICT, and Economic Growth: A Temporal Causal Analysis.” Cities 115:103213. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103213.
Prayojana, Triana Wahyu, Mardhatil Mardhatil, Ade Nurul Fazri, and Beben Saputra. 2020. “Dampak Urbanisasi terhadap Pemukiman Kumuh (Slum Area).” Jurnal Kependudukan dan Pembangunan Lingkungan (JKPL) 1(2):13–22.
Revinski, Rizki, Melti Roza Adry, and Urmatul Uska Akbar. 2022. “Pengaruh Infrastruktur Transportasi dan Urbanisasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Negara ASEAN.” Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 4(2):63–68. doi:10.24036/jkep.v4i2.13363.
Rofiah, Chusnul, and Burhan Bungin. 2021. “Qualitative Methods: Simple Research with Triangulation Theory Design.” Develop 5(1):18–28. doi:10.25139/dev.v5i1.3690.
Sa, Haoxuan, and Anne Haila. 2023. “Urban Villagers as Real Estate Developers: Embracing Property Mind through ‘Planting’ Housing in North-East China.” Housing Studies 38(3):423–43. doi:10.1080/02673037.2021.1888889.
Sakdapolrak, Patrick, Harald Sterly, Marion Borderon, Simon Bunchuay-Peth, Sopon Naruchaikusol, Kayly Ober, Luise Porst, and Till Rockenbauch. 2024. “Translocal Social Resilience Dimensions of Migration as Adaptation to Environmental Change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121(3):1–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.2206185120.
Salim, Hisyamuddin. 2023. “Fenomena Urbanisasi Kota Surabaya (Studi Pertambahan Penduduk Berusia Muda).” Pp. 938–946 in Prosiding Seminar Nasional - Unesa Surabaya.
Saputro, Agus. 2020. “Urban Crisis: Produk Kegagalan Urbanisasi di Indonesia.” Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 15(1):173–94. doi:10.14421/jsr.v15i1.2000.
Satterthwaite, David, Diane Archer, Sarah Colenbrander, David Dodman, Jorgelina Hardoy, Diana Mitlin, and Sheela Patel. 2020. “Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements.” One Earth 2(2):143–56. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.002.
Satterthwaite, David, Gordon McGranahan, and Cecilia Tacoli. 2010. “Urbanization and Its Implications for Food and Farming.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1554):2809–20. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0136.
Seto, Karen C., Burak Güneralp, and Lucy R. Hutyra. 2012. “Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(40):16083–88. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211658109.
de Sherbinin, Alex, Kathryn Grace, Sonali McDermid, Kees van der Geest, Michael J. Puma, and Andrew Bell. 2022. “Migration Theory in Climate Mobility Research.” Frontiers in Climate 4(May):1–16. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.882343.
Shinta, Shinta. 2024. “Pengaruh Urbanisasi terhadap Perubahan Kondisi Sosial dan Ekonomi di Indonesia.” Jurnal Swarnabhumi 9(1):47–55.
Skeldon, Ronald. 2012. “Going Round in Circles: Circular Migration, Poverty Alleviation and Marginality.” International Migration 50(3):43–60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00751.x.
Spradley, James P. 2016. The Ethnographic Interview. Illionis: Waveland Press.
Stark, Oded, and David E. Bloom. 1985. “The New Economics of Labor Migration.” Pp. 173–78 in the American Economic Review: Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.
Tacoli, Cecilia, Gordon McGranahan, and David Satterthwaite. 2015. “Urbanisation, Rural–Urban Migration and Urban Poverty.” Human Rights Documents Online 10(19):9192–98. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-0148-2015005.
Tinambunan, W. E. 2012. “Dampak Migrasi terhadap Efektifitas Komunikasi Lintas Budaya.” Jurnal Ilmu Komunikas 1(1):43–49.
UN-Habitat. 2020. World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat. 2023. UN-Habitat Annual Report 2023: Local Action at a Time of Crises. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
Widiawaty, Millary Agung. 2019. “Faktor-Faktor Urbanisasi di Indonesia.”
Wilonoyudho, Saratri, R. Rijanta, Yeremias T. Keban, and Bakti Setiawan. 2017. “Urbanization and Regional Imbalances in Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Geography 49(2):125–32. doi:10.22146/ijg.13039.
Wirth, L. 1938. “Urbanism as a Way of Life.” American Journal of Sociology 44(1):1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/004912417200100203.