From Socialism to Capitalism: Structural Poverty of Indigenous Women in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Rupita Rupita  -  Departemen Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
Nikodemus Niko*    -  Pascasarjana Sosiologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author

The issue of indigenous women is closely related to the issue of poverty. Women who inhabit rural areas in Indonesia cannot separate from the conditions of life that are poor and completely limited. This paper tries to reflect Karl Marx's thoughts about poverty and injustice that occur in a country because of a structured system. This paper uses a qualitative approach by presenting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection through interviews and field observations, while secondary data through reading readings of scientific studies results in journal articles, policy papers, and government agencies' data. The results of this paper presents: 1) The concept of Marx that poverty is the expression of structural poverty; 2) Poverty among indigenous Dayak Benawan women in rural West Kalimantan, Indonesia, is not only cultural but also structural poverty that expressed limited access to education, health, and a decent standard of quality life; 3)  From the era of classical philosophy to modern technology era today, the poverty that has occurred centuries ago today, indigenous women of Dayak Benawan in rural areas are still faced with.

Keywords: structural poverty; indigenous women; Marxian; Dayak Benawan

  1. Adetunji Babatunde, M., Olugboyega A. Oyeranti, Abiodun S. Bankole, and E. Olawale Ogunkola. 2012. “Exports Trade, Employment and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria.” International Journal of Social Economics 39(11):875–99. doi: 10.1108/03068291211263916.
  2. Agusta, Ivanovich. 2014. Diskursus, Kekuasaan, dan Praktik Kemiskinan di Pedesaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  3. Arivia, Gadis. 2011. “Merebut Kembali Kendali Tubuh Perempuan.” Jurnal Perempuan 71:85–107.
  4. Balagopal, Gayathri. 2009. “Access to Health Care among Poor Elderly Women in India: How Far Do Policies Respond to Women’s Realities?” Gender & Development 17(3):481–91. doi: 10.1080/13552070903298543.
  5. Bradshaw, Sarah, Sylvia Chant, and Brian Linneker. 2017. “Gender and Poverty: What We Know, Don’t Know, and Need to Know for Agenda 2030.” Gender, Place & Culture 24(12):1667–88. doi: 10.1080/0966369X.2017.1395821.
  6. Bradshaw, Ted K. 2007. “Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community Development.” Community Development 38(1):7–25. doi: 10.1080/15575330709490182.
  7. Burawoy, Michael. 2018. “The Poverty of Philosophy” edited by T. Medvetz and J. J. Sallaz. Retrieved (http://oxfordhandbooks.
  8. com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199357192-e-16).
  9. Chambers, Robert. 1995. “Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts?” Environment and Urbanization 7(1):173–204. doi: 10.1177/095624789500700106.
  10. Chambers, Robert. 2006. Poverty Unperceived: Traps, Biases and Agenda. Institute of Develpment Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton UK.
  11. Chambers, Robert. 2015. “Participation, Pluralism and Perceptions of Poverty.” Pp. 140–64 in The Many Dimensions of Poverty, edited by N. Kakwani and J. Silber. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  12. Crawshaw, Steve, and John Jackson. 2015. Tindakan-Tindakan Kecil Perlawanan: Bagaimana Keberanian, Ketegaran, dan Kecerdikan Dapat Mengubah Dunia. Yogyakarta: Insist Press.
  13. Diamond, Jared. 2015. The World until Yesterday: Apa yang Dapat Kita Pelajari dari Masyarakat Tradisional? Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
  14. Fink, Hans. 2010. Filsafat Sosial: Dari Feodal hingga Pasar Bebas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
  15. Friedmann, John. 2010. “Rethinking Poverty: Empowerment and Citizen Rights.” Inter-national Social Science Journal 48(148): 161–72. doi: 10.1111/j.14682451.1996.tb00070.x.
  16. Giddens, Anthony. 2005. Konsekuensi-Konsekuensi Modernitas. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.
  17. Gomes, Ralph C., and Waida Katz Fishman. 1989. “A Critique of The Truly Disadvantaged: A Historical Materialist (Marxist) Perspective.” The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 16(4):77–98.
  18. Himat, Makia. G. A. 2015. “Sociological Approach to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (Critical – Comparative Study).” International Journal of Gender and Women’s Studies 3(2):120–37. doi: 10.15640/ijgws.v3n2a11.
  19. Kumurur, Veronica Adelin, Meutia Farida Swasono, and Budhy Tjahjati S. Soegijoko. 2008. “Kondisi Kemiskinan Perempuan dalam Pembangunan Kota: Kajian tentang Kehidupan Perempuan Miskin dalam Pembangunan Kota Jakarta Tahun 2001-2007.” Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia.
  20. Luna, Victor Manuel Isidro. 2016. “The Persistence of Poverty in Capitalist Countries.” Economía Informa 400: 67–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ecin.2016.09.005.
  21. Luxemberg, Rosa. 2003. The Accumulation of Capital. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  22. Marx, Karl. 1885. The Poverty of Phylosophy. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House.
  23. Marx, Karl. 2007. Kemiskinan Filsafat [Karl Marx (1847)]. Bogor: Hasta Mitra.
  24. Niko, Nikodemus. 2016. “Poor Girls are Vulnerable to be Married: A Case Study of Dayak Mali Law in West Kalimantan.” Jurnal Perempuan 21(1). doi: 10.34309/jp.v21i1.8.
  25. Niko, Nikodemus. 2017. “Women in Poverty; A Case Study on Dayak Mali Ethnic of West Kalimantan, Indonesia.” International Journal of Humanities, Religion and Social Science 1(1):8–10.
  26. Niko, Nikodemus. 2018. Perempuan Dayak Bena-wan: Kedudukan pada Sturktur Do¬mestik & Publik. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
  27. Niko, Nikodemus. 2019. “Kemiskinan Perempuan Dayak Benawan di Kalimantan Barat sebagai Bentuk Kolonialisme Baru.” Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi 6(1):58–76. doi: 10.22146/jps.v6i1.47467.
  28. Parthasarathy, D. 2015. “The Poverty of (Marxist) Theory: Peasant Classes, Provincial Capital, and the Critique of Globalization in India.” Journal of Social History 48(4):816–41. doi: 10.1093/jsh/shv044.
  29. Peet, Richard. 1975. “Inequality and Poverty: A Marxist-Geographic Theory.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65 (4):564–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01063.x.
  30. Quang Dao, Minh. 2009. “Poverty, Income Distribution, and Agriculture in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Studies 36(2):168–83. doi: 10.1108/01443580910955051.
  31. Rahayu, Salma Safitri. 2006. “Analisis Rancangan Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang.” Jurnal Perempuan (49).
  32. Rahmaniah, Syarifah Ema. 2014. Model Pembangunan Perbatasan Berbasis Kearifan Lokal. Pontianak: STAIN Pontianak Press.
  33. Sameti, M., Rahim Dallali Esfahani, and H. Haghighi. 2012. “Theories of Poverty: A Comparative Analysis.” Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 1(6):45–56.
  34. Santoso, D. 2018. Penduduk Miskin Transient: Masalah Kemiskinan yang Terabaikan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  35. Sender, John. 2002. “Women’s Struggle to Escape Rural Poverty in South Africa.” Journal of Agrarian Change 2(1):1–49. doi: 10.1111/1471-0366.00023.
  36. Sherover, Erica. 1979. “The Virtue of Poverty: Marx’s Transformation of Hegel’s Concept of the Poor.” Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 3(1):53–66.
  37. Shiva, Vandana. 2010. “Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India [Book Review].” The Journal of Australian Political Economy.
  38. Small, Mario Luis, and Katherine Newman. 2001. “Urban Poverty after The Truly Dis-advantaged: The Rediscovery of the Family, the Neighborhood, and Culture.” Annual Review of Sociology 27(1):23–45. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.23.
  39. Soetomo, Soetomo. 2013. Masalah Sosial dan Upaya Pemecahannya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
  40. Stark, Barbara. 2009. “Theories of Poverty/The Poverty of Theory.” Brigham Young University Law Review 381–425.
  41. Suyanto, Bagong. 2001. “Kemiskinan dan Pem-berdayaan Masyarakat Miskin.” Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 14(4):25–42.
  42. Suyanto, Bagong. 2013. Anatomi Kemiskinan dan Strategi Penanganannya. Malang: Intrans Publishing.
  43. Tanasaldy, Taufiq. 2012. Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia: Dayak Politics of West Kalimantan. Leiden: KITLV Press Leiden.
  44. Ward, Kristy, and Vichhra Mouyly. 2013. “The Importance of Being Connected: Urban Poor Women’s Experience of Self-Help Discourse in Cambodia.” Gender & Development 21(2):313–26. doi: 10.1080/13552074.2013.802482.
  45. Winarno, B. 2004. Dinamika Isu-Isu Global Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: CAPS.
  46. World Poverty Clock. 2019. “Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.” Retrieved (https://worldpoverty.io/index.html).

Open Access Copyright (c) 2020 JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo)
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Sociology Laboratory - Department of Sociology
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Central Java, Indonesia

 

 
apps