Women and Children as Victims of Financial-based Violence in Online Gambling Circles: A Criminological Approach to Criminal Law and Rehabilitation Policy in Indonesia

Iqbal Kamalludin*    -  Department of Constitutional Law, Faculty of Sharia, Universitas Islam Negeri K. H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan, Pekalongan, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/sa.v19i1.22628
Online gambling in Indonesia increasingly exposes women and children to financial-based violence, making them vulnerable groups. Despite the rise in online gambling, current legal policies and rehabilitation programs have failed to fully address its harmful social effects. This study analyzes the criminogenic factors that contribute to victimization among women and children and evaluates the effectiveness of criminal law policies and rehabilitation programs in safeguarding them. Through a normative legal research method, utilizing legislative analysis, criminology, and case studies, the findings reveal that existing policies are inadequate and overlook the complexity of financial violence in this context. Rehabilitation programs also tend to be less effective, focusing primarily on legal and therapeutic approaches while neglecting broader social, economic, and cultural influences. This research proposes a more comprehensive and rehabilitative policy framework that not only seeks to punish offenders but also prioritizes prevention, reducing violence recurrence, and enhancing social reintegration for victims.

Keywords: criminal law policy; criminology; legal protection; online gambling; rehabilitation programs; women and children

  1. Abdurrahman, Abdurrahman. ‘Optimalisasi Penerapan Pidana Alternatif di Indonesia Sebagai Solusi Overcrowded pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan’. Justitia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–22. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/Justitia/article/view/1922.
  2. Adiaksa, Glan Pratama. ‘Sanksi Hukum terhadap Afiliator Judi Online di Indonesia’. Universitas Terbuka, 2023. http://student-repository.ut.ac.id/id/eprint/1113.
  3. Ahrens, Deborah M. ‘Retroactive Legality: Marijuana Convictions and Restorative Justice in an Era of Criminal Justice Reform’. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, no. 379 (2020). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol110/iss3/1.
  4. Ali, Sana, Hiba Abou Haykal, and Enaam Youssef Mohammed Youssef. ‘Child Sexual Abuse and the Internet—A Systematic Review’. Human Arenas 6, no. 2 (2023): 404–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-021-00228-9.
  5. Ansar, Areena Parveen. ‘A Critique on Cybercrimes Concerning Online Games and Content: Need for Comprehensive Legal Framework in India’. Res Militaris 13, no. 3 (2023): 82–95. https://resmilitaris.net/issue-content/a-critique-on-cybercrimes-concerning-online-games-and-content-need-for-comprehensive-legal-framework-in-india-1286.
  6. Arwana, Yudha Chandra. ‘Victims of Cyber Crimes in Indonesia: A Criminology and Victimology Perspective’. Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 2, no. 2 (2022): 181–200. https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v2i2.53754.
  7. Barker, Kim, and Olga Jurasz. ‘Online Violence against Women as an Obstacle to Gender Equality: A Critical View from Europe’. European Equality Law Review, no. 1 (2020): 47–60. https://oro.open.ac.uk/71877/.
  8. Budiman, Ramdani, Nurul Ayu Romadini, Herwandi Aziz, Muhammad Ardhana, and Agasta Gumelar Pratama. ‘The Impact of Online Gambling Among Indonesian Teens and Technology’. IAIC Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (ITSDI) 3, no. 2 (2022): 162–67. https://doi.org/10.34306/itsdi.v3i2.559.
  9. Caruso, Gregg D. ‘Rejecting Retributivism: Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice, a Précis’. Journal of Practical Ethics 10, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3998/jpe.3544.
  10. Crepelle, Adam. ‘Tribal Courts, the Violence against Women Act, and Supplemental Jurisdiction: Expanding Tribal Court Jurisdiction to Improve Public Safety in Indian Country’. Montana Law Review 81, no. 1 (2020): 3. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mlr/vol81/iss1/3/.
  11. Denov, Myriam S. ‘Wartime Sexual Violence: Assessing a Human Security Response to War-Affected Girls in Sierra Leone’. Security Dialogue 37, no. 3 (2006): 319–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010606069178.
  12. Dewata, Mukti Fajar Nur, and Yulianto Achmad. Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010.
  13. Elfaza, Annisa Gista. ‘Perusahaan Judi Online Sebagai Sponsor Klub Sepak Bola Profesional di Indonesia Ditinjau dari Aspek Hukum Pidana’. Jurist-Diction 4, no. 6 (2021): 2179. https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i6.31842.
  14. Funk, T. Markus. ‘Rethinking Culpability and Wronging (In the Criminal Law - and Everyday Life)’. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4552101.
  15. Gainsbury, Sally M, Nerilee Hing, Paul Delfabbro, Grant Dewar, and Daniel L King. ‘An Exploratory Study of Interrelationships Between Social Casino Gaming, Gambling, and Problem Gambling’. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 13, no. 1 (2015): 136–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9526-x.
  16. Gema Sulaweai. ‘Miris! Mahasiswi di Kota Gorontalo Ini Gelapkan 11 Laptop Milik Teman-Teman Kuliahnya Demi untuk Biayai Mantan Pacar, Begini Kronologinya’. Berita Satu, 25 July 2024. https://www.beritasatu.com/network/gemasulawesi/238344/miris-mahasiswi-di-kota-gorontalo-ini-gelapkan-11-laptop-milik-teman-teman-kuliahnya-demi-untuk-biayai-mantan-pacar-begini-kronologinya.
  17. Greato, Leif Axxel Hans. ‘Penerapan Sanksi Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Judi Online di Indonesia (Analisis Putusan Nomor 1240/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn.Tng Jo Putusan Nomor 117/Pid.Sus/2022/Pt.Btn Jo Putusan Nomor 2029 k/Pid.Sus/2023)’. [Undergraduate Thesis]. Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, 2023.
  18. Gunn, Alana, and Gina Miranda Samuels. ‘Promoting Recovery Identities Among Mothers with Histories of Addiction: Strategies of Family Engagement’. Family Process 59, no. 1 (2020): 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12413.
  19. Husni, Fadhilatul. ‘Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara Perspektif Siyâsah Dustûriyyah’. Ijtihad 37, no. 1 (2021): 75–86. https://journals.fasya.uinib.org/index.php/ijtihad/article/view/102.
  20. Intan, Seviana Ratna. ‘Legal Responsibility for the Perpetrators of Online Gambling Crimes in Indonesia’. Proceedings Series on Social Sciences &Humanities 14 (2023). https://conferenceproceedings.ump.ac.id/pssh/article/view/1077.
  21. Irawan, Guntur, and Amri Ramadhan. ‘Strategi Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara dalam Mengatasi Permasalahan Judi Online Berdasarkan Perspektif Cyber Crime di Indonesia’. Social Issues Quarterly 1, no. 4 (2023): 854–67. https://ejournal.umrah.ac.id/index.php/siq/article/view/118/.
  22. Jannah, Alya Miftahul, Muhammad Osmar Zaidan al Wafi, and Sibiyan Aliyan. ‘Perilaku Judi Online pada Masyarakat Beragama di Indonesia’. Islamic Education 1, no. 3 (2023): 348–57. https://maryamsejahtera.com/index.php/Education/article/view/577.
  23. Judiasih, Sonny Dewi, and Elycia Feronia Salim. ‘Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Perceraian yang Diajukan Oleh Pihak Isteri di Indonesia’. Veritas et Justitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 506–28. https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/veritas/article/view/4328.
  24. Kamalludin, Iqbal, Heris Suhendar, Bunga Desyana Pratami, Alamul Yaqin, and Nur Afifah. ‘Criminal Law Treats for Online Gambling Performers: Investment Fraud Modes’. Dialogia Iuridica 14, no. 1 (2022): 26–51. https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v14i1.5252.
  25. Kurniasanti, Kristiana Siste, Pratiwi Assandi, Raden Irawati Ismail, Martina Wiwie Setiawan Nasrun, and Tjhin Wiguna. ‘Internet Addiction: A New Addiction?’ Medical Journal of Indonesia 28, no. 1 (2019): 82–91. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v28i1.2752.
  26. Liebling, Alison, Shadd Maruna, and Lesley McAra. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
  27. Lubis, Alvan Rahfiansyah. ‘Victimology Review of Online Gambling Perpetrators in the Perspective of Indonesian Criminal Law’. Arkus 8, no. 2 (2022): 235–39. https://doi.org/10.37275/arkus.v8i2.182.
  28. Madriz, Esther. Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls: Fear of Crime in Women’s Lives. Oakland: University of California Press, 1997.
  29. Marionneau, Virve, Heidi Ruohio, and Nina Karlsson. ‘Gambling Harm Prevention and Harm Reduction in Online Environments: A Call for Action’. Harm Reduction Journal 20, no. 1 (2023): 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00828-4.
  30. Marsela, Selvi, Awalia Syifa, Febrian Duta Pratama, and Riddick al Muqfi. ‘Teori Etika Utilitarianisme dan Penjudi dalam Persoalan Judi Online di Indonesia’. Das Sollen: Jurnal Kajian Kontemporer Hukum dan Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (2023): 1–25. https://journal.forikami.com/index.php/dassollen/article/view/395.
  31. McCormick, Jessica, Paul Delfabbro, and Linley A Denson. ‘Psychological Vulnerability and Problem Gambling: An Application of Durand Jacobs’ General Theory of Addictions to Electronic Gaming Machine Playing in Australia’. Journal of Gambling Studies 28, no. 4 (2012): 665–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9281-x.
  32. Muhamad, Nabilah. ‘Tren Judi Online di Indonesia Terus Meningkat, Nilainya Tembus Rp100 T pada 2022’. Katadata Media Network, 27 September 2023. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/09/27/tren-judi-online-di-indonesia-terus-meningkat-nilainya-tembus-rp100-t-pada-2022.
  33. Mustaqilla, Safira, Siti Sarah, Eva Zahara Salsabila, and Aina Fadhilla. ‘Analisis Maraknya Warga Miskin yang Kecanduan Judi Online di Indonesia’. Glossary: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 1, no. 2 (2023): 121–36.
  34. Nurdin, Rizqi Kurniadi, Qasim Arsadani, and Fitriyani Fitriyani. ‘Penegakan Hukum Pidana terhadap Pelaku Judi Online di Indonesia’. Jarimah: Islamic Criminal Law Journal 1, no. 1 (2023). https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/jarimah/article/view/31240.
  35. Pratt, John, and Michelle Miao. ‘Risk, Populism, and Criminal Law’. New Criminal Law Review 22, no. 4 (2019): 391–433. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2019.22.4.391.
  36. Purnawinata, Dody Tri. ‘Aspek Hukum Pidana dalam Perjudian secara Online’. Solusi 19, no. 2 (2021): 252–71. https://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/solusi/article/download/356/310.
  37. Ramdhani, Hernanda, Muhammad Fauzi, and Alexandro Martin Tiga. ‘Otoritas Negara dalam Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pemberantasan Situs Judi Online di Indonesia’. Lex Suprema 2, no. 2 (2020): 66–81. https://jurnal.law.uniba-bpn.ac.id/index.php/lexsuprema/article/view/387.
  38. Roiphe, Rebecca, and Bruce A. Green. ‘When Prosecutors Politick: Progressive Law Enforcers Then and Now’. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2020, 3596249.
  39. Rowlatt, Victoria, Darren Wraith, Thuy-Vi Minh Doan, and Christina Malatzky. ‘Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Gamblers of East Asian Descent in Australia: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence’. Journal of Gambling Studies 39, no. 2 (2023): 947–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10202-5.
  40. Rumbay, Imelda Sonia, Fransiscus X. Tangkudung, and Debby Telly Antow. ‘Tinjauan Yuridis terhadap Lemahnya Penanganan Tindak Pidana Judi Online’. Lex Privatum 11, no. 5 (2023). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/49207.
  41. Sa’diyah, Nur Khabibatus, Ifahdah Pratama Hapsari, and Hardian Iskandar. ‘Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pelaku Judi Online di Indonesia’. Gorontalo Law Review 5, no. 1 (2022): 160–66. https://jurnal.unigo.ac.id/index.php/golrev/article/view/2085.
  42. Schram, Pamela J., and Stephen G. Tibbetts. Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It? Washington DC.: SAGE Pubications, Inc., 2023.
  43. Setiawati, Sri, and Sumartini Dewi. ‘Urgensi Pengaturan secara Khusus Judi Online di Indonesia’. Jurnal Pro Hukum: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang Hukum Universitas Gresik 12, no. 1 (2023): 188–97. https://journal.unigres.ac.id/index.php/JurnalProHukum/article/view/2482.
  44. Setyadi, Dyama Khazim. ‘Analysis of the Impact of Public Issue ”Consortium 303” on Public Interest in Online Slot Gambling in Indonesia’. Mediasi: Jurnal Kajian dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi 4, no. 1 (2023): 62–74. https://upgradeojs.rifqisyams.id/index.php/mediasi/article/view/659.
  45. Sylvestre, Marie-Eve, Nicholas Blomley, and Céline Bellot. Red Zones: Criminal Law and the Territorial Governance of Marginalized People. Cambridge University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316875544.
  46. Thomas, Samantha, May C I van Schalkwyk, Mike Daube, Hannah Pitt, Darragh McGee, and Martin McKee. ‘Protecting Children and Young People from Contemporary Marketing for Gambling’. Health Promotion International 38, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac194.
  47. Utomo, Adhi Prasetyo, and Muhammad Fatahillah Akbar. ‘Loot Box System in Online Video Games as Gambling Based on Indonesia Criminal Law’. [Undergraduate Thesis]. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021.
  48. Wardle, Heather, Gerda Reith, David Best, David McDaid, and Stephen Platt. Measuring Gambling-Related Harms: A Framework for Action. Birmingham: Gambling Commission, 2018.
  49. Xiao, Sijia, Shagun Jhaver, and Niloufar Salehi. ‘Addressing Interpersonal Harm in Online Gaming Communities: The Opportunities and Challenges for a Restorative Justice Approach’. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 30, no. 6 (2023): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3603625.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2024 Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Center for Gender and Child Studies (Pusat Studi Gender dan Anak)
LP2M, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang.
Central Java, Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Sawwa Visitor Statistics
 
apps