The Legal and Social Aspect for Underage Marriage Women's Education Rights in the Perspective of Human Rights: Contemporary Issues and Problems

Ridwan Arifin*    -  Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Semarang, Indonesia
Rodiyah Rodiyah  -  Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Semarang, Indonesia
Fadhilah Rizky Afriani Putri  -  Women and Child Protection Forum, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/sa.v15i2.5165

The right to education is a fundamental human right and must be fulfilled by the state. However, the right to education, especially for women with underage marriages (child marriages), has not yet had adequate education. This paper aims to analyze the legal and social aspects of children's educational rights, especially women with conditions of underage marriage (child marriage) in Indonesia. This study examines the formal juridical aspects of the protection and guarantee of education rights for women and social aspects related to the constraints of fulfilling women's education. This research is a normative juridical study in which this study looks at the community's various facts based on the applicable legal rules. This research's social aspects are seen based on various social theories related to this research study; the data and facts obtained in this study are data sourced from previous research, both print and online media. This research confirms that child marriage is motivated by many factors, one of which is economic conditions so that women cannot achieve the rights to education. However, according to the 1945 Constitution Article 31 paragraph (1) that every citizen has the right to get an education. However, there are no strict criminal sanctions for families who leave their children out of school in terms of law enforcement.

Keywords: right to education; child education rights; child protection: underage marriage

  1. Abdussalam, H. R., and Adri Desasfuryanto. Hukum Perlindungan Anak. Jakarta: PTIK, 2016.
  2. Ardi, Zadrian, and Nining Maizura. “The Psychological Analysis of Divorce at Early Marriage.” International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education 1, no. 3 (2018): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.24036/0026za0002.
  3. Candraningrum, Dewi. “Pernikahan Anak: Status Anak Perempuan.” Jurnal Perempuan 21, no. 1 (2016): 4–8.
  4. Choe, Minja Kim, Shyam Thapa, and Vinod Mishra. “Early Marriage and Early Motherhood in Nepal.” Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (2005): 143–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932003006527.
  5. Editor Kompas. “Pernikahan Dini, Bentuk Pelanggaran HAM.” Kompas, January 28, 2009. https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2009/01/28/19315957/Pernikahan.Dini.Bentuk.Pelanggaran.HAM.
  6. Fadlyana, Eddy, and Shinta Larasaty. “Pernikahan Usia Dini dan Permasalahannya.” Sari Pediatri 11, no. 2 (2016): 136–41. https://doi.org/10.14238/sp11.2.2009.136-41.
  7. Fahlevi, Reza. “Aspek Hukum Perlindungan Anak dalam Prespektif Hukum Nasional.” Lex Jurnalica 12, no. 3 (2015): 177–91.
  8. Fathoni, Alvan. “Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Sosiologi Hukum.” At-Turas: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 4, no. 1 (2017): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v4i1.197.
  9. Field, Erica, and Attila Ambrus. “Early Marriage, Age of Menarche, and Female Schooling Attainment in Bangladesh.” Journal of Political Economy 116, no. 5 (2008): 881–930. https://doi.org/10.1086/593333.
  10. Goodwin, Michele. “When Institutions Fail: The Case of Underage Marriage in India.” DePaul Law Review 62, no. 2 (2013): 357.
  11. Grijns, Mies, and Hoko Horii. “Child Marriage in a Village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between Legal Obligations and Religious Concerns.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 5, no. 2 (2018): 453–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2018.9.
  12. Gultom, Maidin. Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak dan Perempuan. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2012.
  13. Gunadha, Reza. “Perempuan di Jawa Tengah Rata-Rata Nikah Usia 12 Tahun,” September 16, 2018. https://www.suara.com/news/2018/09/16/165232/perempuan-di-jawa-tengah-rata-rata-nikah-usia-12-tahun.
  14. Hanafi, Yusuf. “Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Ulumuna: Journal of Islamic Studies 12, no. 2 (2008): 249–74. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i2.381.
  15. Hasan, Hamzah. “Pernikahan di Bawah Umur (Analisis tentang Konsekuensi Pemidanaan).” Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 6, no. 1 (2017): 86–120. https://doi.org/10.24252/ad.v6i1.4869.
  16. Imron, Ali. “Dispensasi Perkawinan Perspektif Perlindungan Anak.” Qistie: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 1 (2011): 69–90. https://doi.org/10.31942/jqi.v5i1.601.
  17. Inayati, Inna Noor. “Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Hukum, HAM dan Kesehatan.” Jurnal Bidan “Midwife Journal” 1, no. 1 (2015): 46–53.
  18. Indupalli, Amruta Swati, and Siddesh Basavaraj Sirwar. “A Cross Sectional Study on Demographic Profile and Role of Education Inadolescent Girls.” People’s Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (2011): 19–22.
  19. Jensen, Robert, and Rebecca Thornton. “Early Female Marriage in the Developing World.” Gender & Development 11, no. 2 (2003): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/741954311.
  20. Kohli, Ambika. “Forced and Underage Marriages in New Zealand: Some Reflections on Public and Private Patriarchy and Intersectionality.” International Journal for Intersectional Feminist Studies 1, no. 1 (2015): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.26021/770.
  21. Koro, Abdi. Perlindungan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perkawinan Usia Muda dan Perkawinan Siri. Bandung: Alumni, 2012.
  22. Layla, Ida Nur. “Satu dari Lima Anak di Jateng Nikah Dini.” Radar Semarang, October 14, 2019. https://radarsemarang.jawapos.com/berita/semarang/2019/10/14/satu-dari-lima-anak-di-jateng-nikah-dini-3/.
  23. Martín, T. Castro. “Women’s Education and Fertility: Results from 26 Demographic and Health Surveys.” Studies in Family Planning 26, no. 4 (1995): 187–202.
  24. Mawardi, Marmiati. “Problematika Perkawinan di Bawah Umur.” Analisa 19, no. 2 (2012): 201–12. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v19i2.166.
  25. Mediani, Mesha. “Pernikahan Dini dan Persoalan Hak Anak yang Tak Terlindungi.” CNN Indonesia, April 18, 2018. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180418100224-20-291626/pernikahan-dini-dan-persoalan-hak-anak-yang-tak-terlindungi.
  26. Nguyen, Minh Cong, and Quentin Wodon. “Global and Regional Trends in Child Marriage.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 13, no. 3 (2015): 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075756.
  27. Nour, Nawal M. “Child Marriage: A Silent Health and Human Rights Issue.” Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2, no. 1 (2009): 51–66.
  28. Nurhidayatuloh, Nurhidayatuloh, and Leni Marlina. “Perkawinan di Bawah Umur Perspektif HAM: Studi Kasus di Desa Bulungihit, Labuhan Batu, Sumatra Utara.” Al-Mawarid Journal of Islamic Law 11, no. 2 (2011): 211–24.
  29. Prettitore, Paul Scott. “Family Law Reform, Gender Equality, and Underage Marriage: A View from Morocco and Jordan.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 13, no. 3 (2015): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1075758.
  30. Prodjodikoro, R. Wirjono. Hukum Perkawinan di Indonesia. Bandung: Sumur Bandung, 1991.
  31. Radar Pekalongan. “Angka Pernikahan Dini di Kota Santri Rangking Tiga se-Jateng.” Radar Pekalongan, April 1, 2019. https://radarpekalongan.co.id/65767/angka-pernikahan-dini-di-kota-santri-rangking-tiga-se-jateng/.
  32. Rahmatian, Rahmatian. “Studi Kasus Perkawinan di Bawah Umur.” Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 5, no. 1 (2016): 119–132. https://doi.org/10.24252/ad.v5i1.1447.
  33. Robeyns, Ingrid. “Three Models of Education.” Theory and Research in Education 4, no. 1 (2006): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878506060683.
  34. Rohmaniyah, Inayah. “Konstruksi Seksualitas dan Relasi Kuasa dalam Praktik Diskursif Pernikahan Dini.” Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 16, no. 1 (2017): 33. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2017.161.33-52.
  35. Roqib, Moh. “Pernikahan Dini dan Lambat: Merampas Hak-Hak Anak.” Yin Yang: Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak 5, no. 2 (2010): 296–311.
  36. Sabbe, Alexia, Halima Oulami, Wahiba Zekraoui, Halima Hikmat, Marleen Temmerman, and Els Leye. “Determinants of Child and Forced Marriage in Morocco: Stakeholder Perspectives on Health, Policies and Human Rights.” BMC International Health and Human Rights 13, no. 1 (2013): 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-13-43.
  37. Saputri, Maya. “KPPPA: Satu Dari Enam Anak Perempuan Indonesia Menikah Usia Dini.” tirto.id. Tirto, September 19, 2019. https://tirto.id/kpppa-satu-dari-enam-anak-perempuan-indonesia-menikah-usia-dini-ehS4.
  38. Saraswati, Rika. “Hukum Perlindungan Anak di Indonesia.” Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2015.
  39. Segal-Engelchin, Dorit, Efrat Huss, and Najlaa Massry. “The Experience of Early Marriage: Perspectives of Engaged and Married Muslim Women in Israel.” Journal of Adolescent Research 31, no. 6 (2015): 725–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415605167.
  40. Setiaji, Mukhamad Luthfan, and Aminullah Ibrahim. “Kajian Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Negara the Rule of Law : Antara Hukum Progresif dan Hukum Positif.” Lex Scientia 2, no. 2 (2018): 123–38. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v2i2.27580.
  41. Sulaiman, M. Reza, and Risna Halidi. “Perkawinan Anak, Catatan Hitam di Hari Anak Perempuan Internasional 2019.” suara.com, October 11, 2019. https://www.suara.com/health/2019/10/11/061500/perkawinan-anak-catatan-hitam-di-hari-anak-perempuan-internasional?page=all.
  42. Syahrianto, Muhammad. “Belum Turun, Jumlah Perkawinan Anak di Indonesia masih di Angka 193 Ribu Kasus.” Warta Ekonomi, February 1, 2020. https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read269607/belum-turun-jumlah-perkawinan-anak-di-indonesia-masih-di-angka-193-ribu-kasus;
  43. Tati, Susi Dwi Maret, and Sofwan Indarjo. “Partisipasi Pasangan Pernikahan Dini terhadap Program Keluarga Berencana.” Higeia (Journal of Public Health Research and Development) 1, no. 2 (2017): 65–76.
  44. Widari, Tatik Mei. “Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Anak Didik Pemasyarakatan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak.” DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 15 (2012): 28–47. https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v8i15.261.
  45. Zuraya, Nidia. “KPI: Kasus Perkawinan Anak di Jateng Tinggi.” republika.co.id, November 20, 2017. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/17/11/20/ozq2z7383-kpi-kasus-perkawinan-anak-di-jateng-tinggi.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2020 Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Center for Gender and Child Studies (Pusat Studi Gender dan Anak)
LP2M, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang.
Central Java, Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Sawwa Visitor Statistics
 
apps