The role of mediator and moderator variables in suicidal ideation among adolescents in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v10i2.24841Keywords:
adolescence, loneliness, resilience, social support, suicidal ideationAbstract
Adolescent mental health is influenced by resilience, which is defined as the ability to face challenges. Low resilience renders adolescents vulnerable to loneliness due to limited social support, which in turn heightens the risk of suicidal ideation. Social support can bolster resilience while mitigating the negative effects of loneliness; however, research positioning resilience as a mediator and social support as a moderator in this relationship remains limited, particularly among adolescents in high-risk areas such as Gunungkidul. This study aims to explore the role of resilience as a mediator and social support as a moderator in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational method was employed, together with a cluster random sampling technique. The sample comprised 420 students, consisting of 308 females and 112 males. The data collection technique used a social support scale, a resilience scale, and a suicidal ideation scale. The data were analyzed through a series of path analyses with the causal step method and MRA. Social support is shown to significantly moderate the direct effect of loneliness on resilience (p = .006 < .05), which indicates that social support increases. However, such support is unable to moderate the direct effect of resilience on suicidal ideation (p = .196 > .05), nor of loneliness on suicidal ideation (p = .338 > .05). The mediation effect test shows that loneliness does not have a significant effect on suicidal ideation when the resilience variable is controlled (p = .185 > .05). Regression model 2 in the mediation effect test indicates that only resilience has a significant effect on suicidal ideation (-.184 p < .05). The implications of the study include the understanding that suicidal ideation will be lower if accompanied by a decrease in loneliness and an increase in resilience and social support.
Downloads
References
Adinda, S. T., & Prastuti, E. (2021). Regulasi emosi dan dukungan sosial: Sebagai prediktor ide bunuh diri mahasiswa. Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 6(1), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v6i1.1520
Aulia, C., Roswiyani, R., & Sahrani, R. (2023). Resilience mediates the relationship between loneliness and depression in young adults after the death of a parent due to COVID-19. Bisma the Journal of Counseling, 7(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v7i1.59427
Azizah, K. N. (2019, September 10). Studi WHO sebut setiap 40 detik, satu orang meninggal karena bunuh diri. Detik Health. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-4700014/studi-who-sebut-setiap-40-detik-satu-orang-meninggal-karena-bunuh-diri
Ballerina, T., Farida, H., & Anggraeni, J. (2023). Culture-based education and positive peer group: Strategies to reduce bullying intention in junior high school students. International Conference on Indigenous Psychology and Culture, 1(1), 265–271. https://seminar.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/icipc/article/view/750
Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (1987). Social psychology: Understanding human interaction. Allyn & Bacon.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Budiarto, S., Sugarto, R., & Putrianti, F. G. (2020). Dinamika psikologis penyintas Pulung Gantung di Gunung Kidul. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 8(2), 174–194. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu112
Chrisman, S. P. D., Whelan, B. M., Zatzick, D. F., Hilt, R. J., Wang, J., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Rivara, F. P., & McCarty, C. A. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation in youth with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Brain Injury, 35(12–13), 1637–1644. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2021.2008490
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Pubications, Inc.
Cutrona, C. (1996). Social support in couples: Marriage as a resource in times of stress. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327563
Czaja, S. J., Moxley, J. H., & Rogers, W. A. (2021). Social support, isolation, loneliness, and health among older adults in the PRISM Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728658
Darvishi, N., Poorolajal, J., Azmi-Naei, B., & Farhadi, M. (2024). The role of social support in preventing suicidal ideations and behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 24(2), e00609. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2024.144
de Lange, J., van Bergen, D. D., Bos, H. M. W., Bosker, R. J., Dumon, E., Portzky, G., Motmans, J., & Baams, L. (2023). Differences in risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among sexual and gender minority young adults and the moderating role of social support. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000687
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.
Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study in Sociology (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203994320
Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Mérida-López, S., & Rey, L. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization, self-esteem and suicidal ideation in adolescence: Does Emotional intelligence play a buffering role? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 335398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00367
Fahrudin, A. (2012). Fenomena bunuh diri di Gunung Kidul: Catatan tersisa dari lapangan. Sosio Informa, 17(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v17i1.63
Farida, H. (2017). Perilaku prososial ditinjau dari androgyny role dalam kegiatan pramuka pada anak sekolah dasar. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 3(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.30738/sosio.v3i2.1610
Filmanda, F., Argiati, S. H. B., & Sugiarto, R. (2022). Dinamika psikologi perempuan penyitas cyber sexual harassment. Jurnal Spirits, 12(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.30738/spirits.v12i2.12877
Finklestein, M., Pagorek-Eshel, S., & Laufer, A. (2022). Adolescents’ individual resilience and its association with security threats, anxiety and family resilience. Journal of Family Studies, 28(3), 1023–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1778504
Gijzen, M. W. M., Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Smit, F., Engels, R. C. M. E., & de Beurs, D. (2021). Suicide ideation as a symptom of adolescent depression. A network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.029
Goldstein, S., & Brooks, R. B. (2023). Handbook of resilience in children (S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (eds.)). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14728-9
Gregory, R. J. (2015). Psychological testing: History, principles and applications (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Harminanto, F. X. (2023, December 23). Kasus bundir pada anak muda meningkat di Jogja, ada apa? KR Jogja. https://www.krjogja.com/yogyakarta/1243649935/kasus-bundir-pada-anak-muda-meningkat-di-jogja-ada-apa
Hendriani, W. (2017). Menumbuhkan online resilience pada anak di era teknologi digital. Prosiding Temu Ilmiah Nasional X Ikatan Psikologi Perkembangan Indonesia, 52–58. https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ippi/article/view/2173
Holman, M. S., & Williams, M. N. (2022). Suicide risk and protective factors: A network approach. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(1), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1774454
Hussein, R. S., & Yousef, S. S. (2024). Impact of perceived social support on suicidal ideation among students at Ain Shams University. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 31(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00390-6
Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z., Demissie, Z., Crosby, A. E., Stone, D. M., Gaylor, E., Wilkins, N., Lowry, R., & Brown, M. (2020). Suicidal ideation and behaviors among high school students — Youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Supplements, 69(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6901a6
Johnson, J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2011). Resilience to suicidality: The buffering hypothesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 563–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.007
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.
Kim, S. M., Kim, H. R., Min, K. J., Yoo, S.-K., Shin, Y.-C., Kim, E.-J., & Jeon, S. W. (2020). Resilience as a protective factor for suicidal ideation among Korean workers. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0072
Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the “Ideation-to-Action” framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
Knowles, J. R. P., Gray, N. S., O’Connor, C., Pink, J., Simkiss, N. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2022). The role of hope and resilience in protecting against suicidal thoughts and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(3), 1487–1504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2021.1923599
Koamesah, G. T., Virlia, S., & Musa, M. (2022). Resilience in health workers: The role of social support and calling. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v7i1.9287
Koğar, H., & Yılmaz-Koğar, E. (2025). Does gender and social support matter in the associations between loneliness, resilience, and psychological distress? Psihologija, 58(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI221121016K
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Lamlé, P., Keuch, L., Pukas, L., Reinsch, J., Röder, H., Clausner, H., & Watzke, S. (2023). Suicidal ideations among students attending vocational school in Germany: A cross-sectional study to identify prevalence and associated risk factors. Journal of Public Health, 31(11), 1945–1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-022-01745-9
Marthoenis, Dahlia, & Nassimbwa, J. (2022). Prevalence and factors associated with loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01909-5
Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., & Leichtweis, R. N. (2015). Role of social support in adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.265
Mulyani, A. A., & Eridiana, W. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi fenomena bunuh diri di Gunungkidul. Sosietas, 8(2), 510–516. https://doi.org/10.17509/sosietas.v8i2.14593
Najlawati, F., & Purwaningsih, I. E. (2019). Kesejahteraan psikologis keluarga penyintas bunuh diri. Jurnal Spirits, 10(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.30738/spirits.v10i1.6531
Nurtanti, S., Handayani, S., Ratnasari, N. Y., Husna, P. H., & Susanto, T. (2020). Characteristics, causality, and suicidal behavior: A qualitative study of family members with suicide history in Wonogiri, Indonesia. Frontiers of Nursing, 7(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2020-0016
Onie, S., Vina, A., Taufik, K., Abraham, J., Setiyawati, D., Colucci, E., Nilam, J. F., Onie, S., Hunt, A., Saputra, A. F., Hidayati, N. E., Harsono, C., Bestari, D., Muhdi, N., Wolter, A., Liem, A., Rochmawati, I., Ardian, J., Prasojo, R. E., … Larsen, M. E. (2023). Indonesian first national suicide prevention strategy: Key findings from the qualitative situational analysis. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 16, 100245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100245
Oppenheimer, C. W., Silk, J. S., Lee, K. H., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E., Ryan, N., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2020). Suicidal ideation among anxious youth: A preliminary investigation of the role of neural processing of social rejection in interaction with real world negative social experiences. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00920-6
Otten, D., Ernst, M., Tibubos, A. N., Brähler, E., Fleischer, T., Schomerus, G., Wild, P. S., Zöller, D., Binder, H., Kruse, J., Johar, H., Atasoy, S., Grabe, H. J., Ladwig, K.-H., Münzel, T., Völzke, H., König, J., & Beutel, M. E. (2022). Does social support prevent suicidal ideation in women and men? Gender-sensitive analyses of an important protective factor within prospective community cohorts. Journal of Affective Disorders, 306, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.031
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. (2021). The loneliness–life satisfaction relationship: The parallel and serial mediating role of hopelessness, depression and ego-resilience among young adults in South Africa during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073613
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy. Wiley.
Ponder, W. N., Walters, K., Simons, J. S., Simons, R. M., Jetelina, K. K., & Carbajal, J. (2023). Network analysis of distress, suicidality, and resilience in a treatment seeking sample of first responders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 320, 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.097
Quintana-Orts, C., Rey, L., & Neto, F. (2022). Beyond cyberbullying: Investigating when and how cybervictimization predicts suicidal ideation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520913640
Reivich, K., & Shatté, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skills for overcoming life’s inevitable obstacles. Broadway Books.
Rey, L., Quintana-Orts, C., Mérida-López, S., & Extremera, N. (2019). Being bullied at school: Gratitude as potential protective factor for suicide risk in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00662
Reynolds, W. M. (1991). Psychometric characteristics of the adult suicidal ideation questionnaire in college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5602_9
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2012). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Commentary: Suicide as psychache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001
Stark, L., Seff, I., Yu, G., Salama, M., Wessells, M., Allaf, C., & Bennouna, C. (2022). Correlates of suicide ideation and resilience among native- and foreign-born adolescents in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.012
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
Verlenden, J. V., Fodeman, A., Wilkins, N., Jones, S. E., Moore, S., Cornett, K., Sims, V., Saelee, R., & Brener, N. D. (2024). Mental health and suicide risk among high school students and protective factors — Youth risk behavior survey, United States, 2023. MMWR Supplements, 73(4), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su7304a9
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the accepted article shall be assigned to the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to published articles.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material only for non-commercial purposes. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform, or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
