The Obesity Indicators and Anemia among Premarital Women of Reproductive Age
Main Article Content
Abstract
Women of childbearing age are a demographic group that is frequently afflicted by nutritional issues, including obesity and anemia. Obesity has been reported to influence the occurrence of anemia. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between obesity indicators and anemia among premarital women of reproductive age. This study used an observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 102 subjects from undergraduate students aged 18–25 years who were unmarried and had never been pregnant. Obesity indicators were assessed using anthropometric measurements, while anemia status was determined based on hemoglobin (Hb) levels. The results of the bivariate analysis showed a significant association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage with anemia (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant association was found between waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with anemia (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that body fat percentage was the most significant predictor (p = 0.032). Specifically, the obese body fat percentage category exhibited an Odds Ratio (OR) value of 32.8 (95% CI: 1.79–603.40) against the normal category. In conclusion, body fat percentage may serve as a predictor of anemia among premarital women of reproductive age.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to:
1) Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially,
2) Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
3) The author, as licensor, cannot revoke these freedoms as long as the user follows the license terms.
Under the following terms:
1) Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
2) No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Al Kibria, G. M., & Ghosh, S. (2021). Is BMI associated with anemia and hemoglobin level of women and children in Bangladesh: A study with multiple statistical approaches. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0258752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258752
Al-Mazaideh B, Abu-Samak MS, Al-Domi H. (2023). Effect of diet-induced weight loss on iron status and its markers among young women with overweight/obesity and iron deficiency anemia: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Nutrition ;10:1155947. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1155947
Dieny FF dkk. (2019). Status Besi dan Kualitas Diet berdasarkan Status Obesitas pada Wanita Usia Subur di Semarang. Amerta Nutr ; 247-256
Ginzburg, Y.Z. (2019). Hepcidin-ferroportin axis in health and disease. Vitam Horm, 110, 17-45. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2019.01.002
González-Domínguez, Á., Visiedo-García, F. M., de la Cruz, M. S., & Díaz-Almanza, R. F. (2020). Iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15), 5529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155529
Hartanti, D. (2023). Buku Ajar Penatalaksanaan Gizi Seimbang Remaja. Madza Media : Malang
Kaner G, et al. (2016). Is iron deficiency related with increased body weight? A cross-sectional study. Prog Nutr. 18:102–110
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Laporan nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2024). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan. https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/ski-2023-dalam-angka/
Maadi AK, dkk. (2019). Asupan Zat Gizi Dan Kadar Hemoglobin Wanita Prakonsepsi Di Kabupaten Semarang. Indonesian Journal of Human Nutrition, Vol. 6 No. 2, hlm. 70 – 83
Nam, J. E., Kim, Y. H., & Cho, K. H. (2023). Prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity among Korean adults, adolescents, and children from 2012 to 2021: A data briefing from the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 32(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes23060
Nam, J. E., Kim, Y. H., & Cho, K. H. (2023). Prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity among Korean adults, adolescents, and children from 2012 to 2021: A data briefing from the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 32(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes23060
Saad, R.A., Qutob, H.M. (2022). The relationship between anemia and obesity. Expert Review of Hematology, Volume 15, 2022 - Issue 10
Wenzel, M., & Elorriaga, M. (2023). Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women with and without obesity: NHANES 2001–2006. Nutrients, 15(10), 2272. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102272
World Health Organization. (2021). Anemia in women and children [Internet]. WHO; Available from:https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/anaemia_in_women_and_children
World Health Organization. (2024). WHO guideline on hemoglobin thresholds for the assessment of anemia in individuals and populations. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081826