The mediating effect of group identity and religious fundamentalism on the association of intergroup contact with prejudice

Sulistio Sulistio*  -  Faculty of Da'wah and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang; Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Suryanto Suryanto  -  Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Abdullah Hadziq  -  Faculty of Ushuluddin and Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang, Indonesia
Sefa Bulut  -  Faculty of Educational Sciences Ibn Haldun University, Istanbul, Turkey

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/pjpp.v5i2.6486

Contact between groups continues to be recognized as a variable that affects prejudice. The effectiveness of the impact of such contacts on prejudice is influenced by other variables, according to the characteristics of the group. This study aims to determine the effect of group identity mediation and religious funda­mentalism on the influence of intergroup contact on the prejudice of transnational Islamic groups against moderate Islamic ones. The research subjects were selected randomly from 365 members of Jama’ah Tabligh, a transnational Islamic group in Semarang, Indonesia. The research data collection used the scales of prejudice, intergroup contact, group identity, and religious fundamentalism, while the data analysis employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that group identity and religious fundamentalism have a mediating effect on intergroup contact's impact on the prejudice of transnational Islamic groups against moderate ones. This research's theoretical implication is that the extent of the influence of intergroup contacts on prejudice is affected by group identity and religious funda­mentalism as mediating variables.

Keywords: group identity; intergroup contact; prejudice; religious fundamentalism

  1. Abduh, A. M. A. (2008). Kupas tuntas Jamaah Tabligh. Khoiro Ummat.
  2. Abdullah, A. (2000). Dinamika Islam kultural: Pemetaan atas wacana keislaman kontemporer. Mizan.
  3. Abrams, D. (2010). Processes of prejudice: Theory, evidence and intervention. Equality and Human Rights Commission.
  4. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1999). Social identity and social cognition. Blackwell Publisher.
  5. Akbas, G. (2010). Social identity and intergroup relations: The case of Alevis and Sunnis in Amasya. The Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University.
  6. Ali, J. A. (2010). Tablīgh Jamā‘at: A transnational movement of Islamic faith regeneration. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 3(S1), 103–131.
  7. Ali, M. (2012). Urgensi bahasa Jawa kitabi sebagai identity marjer kitab-kitab turats al-‘Araby di pesantren Jawa Timur. Elmatera.
  8. Ali, R., Indrawati, I. S., & Masykur, A. M. (2010). Hubungan antara identitas etnik dengan prasangka terhadap etnik Tolaki pada mahasiswa Muna di Universitas Haluoleo Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Psikologi, 7(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpu.7.1.18-26
  9. Allport, G. W. (2004). The nature of prejudice. Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
  10. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
  11. Álvarez-Castillo, J. L., Fernández-Caminero, G., & González-González, H. (2018). Is empathy one of the Big Three? Identifying its role in a dual-process model of ideology and blatant and subtle prejudice. PLoS ONE, 13(4), e0195470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195470
  12. Amir, Y. (1976). The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and ethnic relation. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Toward the elimination of racism. Pergamon.
  13. Amir, Yehuda. (1969). Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71(5), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027352
  14. Asbrock, F., Christ, O., Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Differential effects of intergroup contact for authoritarians and social dominators: A dual process model perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(4), 477–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211429747
  15. Aydin, N., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Turning to God in the face of ostracism: Effects of social exclusion on religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210367491
  16. Azra, A. (1996). Pergolakan politik Islam: Dari fundamentalisme, modernisme hingga post-modernisme. Paramadina.
  17. Azra, A. (2009). Muhammadiyah: Tantangan Islam transnasional. Jurnal Ma’arif Institute, 4(2).
  18. Barlow, F. K., Louis, W. R., & Terry, D. J. (2010). Minority report: Social identity, cognitions of rejection and intergroup anxiety predicting prejudice from one racially marginalized group towards another. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.651
  19. Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R. M., Harwood, J., Rubin, M., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudic. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629–1643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953
  20. Batalha, L. M., Niemeyer, S., Dryzek, J. S., & Gastil, J. (2019). Psychological mechanisms of deliberative transformation: The role of group identity. Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 15(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.313
  21. Bizumic, B., & Duckitt, J. (2007). Varieties of group self-centeredness and dislike of the specific other. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701332252
  22. Bizumic, B., Duckitt, J., Popadic, D., Dru, V., & Krauss, S. (2009). A cross-cultural investigation into a reconceptualization of ethnocentrism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(6), 871–899. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.589
  23. Brandt, M. J., & Reyna, C. (2010). The role of prejudice and the need for closure in religious fundamentalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(5), 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210366306
  24. Brehm, S. S., & Kassin, S. M. (1996). Social psychology. Hougton Miffin Company.
  25. Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice its social psychology. Blackwell Publisher Inc.
  26. Brown, Rupert, Condor, S., Mathews, A., Wade, G., & Williams, J. (1986). Explaining intergroup differentiation in an industrial organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 59(4), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1986.tb00230.x
  27. Bukhori, B. (2011a). Meta-analisis hubungan orientasi religius dengan prasangka rasial. Jurnal At-Taqaddum, 3(1), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v3i1.305
  28. Bukhori, B. (2011b). Pengaruh identitas agama, etnosentrisme, dan lingkungan pendidikan terhadap prasangka pada etnis Tionghoa. Lembaga Penelitian IAIN Walisongo Semarang.
  29. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  30. Cook, S. W. (1962). The systematic analysis of socially significant events: A strategy for social research. Journal of Social Issues, 18(2), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1962.tb02201.x
  31. Cook, S. W. (1978). Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes in cooperating interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 12(1), 97–113.
  32. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  33. Denney, H. T. (2008). Relationships between religion and prejudice: Implisit and explicit measure. Georgia State University.
  34. Dhont, K., & Hiel, A. Van. (2011). Direct contact and authoritarianism as moderators between extended contact and reduced prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210391121
  35. Dhont, K., Hiel, A. Van, & Hewstone, M. (2014). Changing the ideological roots of prejudice: Longitudinal effects of ethnic intergroup contact on social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213497064
  36. Dhont, K., Roets, A., & Hiel, A. Van. (2011). Opening closed minds: The combined effects of intergroup contact and need for closure on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(4), 514–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211399101
  37. Fulton, A. S., Gorsuch, R. L., & Maynard, E. A. (1999). Religious orientation, antihomosexual sentiment, and fundamentalism among Christians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(1), 14–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387580
  38. Ghufron, M. N., Suminta, R. R., & Kusuma, J. H. (2020). Knowledge and learning of interreligious and intercultural understanding in an Indonesian Islamic college sample: An epistemological belief approach. Religions, 11(8), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080411
  39. Gillin, J. L., & Gillin, J. P. (1954). Cultural sociology. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  40. Haji, R., Lalonde, R. N., Durbin, A., & Naveh-Benjamin, I. (2011). A multidimensional approach to identity: Religious and cultural identity in young Jewish Canadians. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210370602
  41. Hidayatullah, S. (2010). Islam “isme-isme”: Aliran dan paham Islam di Indonesia. Pustaka Pelajar.
  42. Hunsberger, B. (1996). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-Christian religious groups. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0601_5
  43. Jackson, L. M., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(4), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387609
  44. Katz, I. (1991). Gordon Allport’s “The Nature of Prejudice.” Political Psychology, 12(1), 125–157. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791349
  45. Kauff, M., Schmid, K., Lolliot, S., Al Ramiah, A., & Hewstone, M. (2016). Intergroup contact effects via ingroup distancing among majority and minority groups: Moderation by social dominance orientation. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0146895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146895
  46. Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research. Harcourt Collage Publisher.
  47. Luthfiyah, N. (2015). Feminisme Islam di Indonesia. ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 16(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v16i1.988
  48. Maarif, A. S. (2009). Masa depan Islam di Indonesia (Prolog). In A. Wahid (Ed.), Ilusi negara Islam: Ekspansi gerakan Islam transnasional di Indonesia (pp. 1–10). The Wahid Institute.
  49. Mahendra, Y. I. (1999). Modernisme dan fundamentalisme dalam politik Islam. Paramadina.
  50. Maliepaard, M., & Phalet, K. (2012). Social integration and religious identity expression among Dutch Muslims: The role of minority and majority group contact. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511436353
  51. Misrawi, Z. (2007). Al-Quran kitab toleransi: Inklusivisme, pluralism, dan mulikulturalisme. Fitrah.
  52. Mufid, A. S. (2010). Penelitian gerakan keagamaan transnasional di Indonersia. Puslitbang Kehidupan Keagamaan Kemenag RI.
  53. Muzadi, H. (2007, May 5). PBNU: Ideologi transnasional harus di-Indonesia-kan dulu. nu.or.id. https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/8920/pbnu-ideologi-transnasional-harus-di-indonesia-kan-dulu
  54. Nottingham, E. K. (1997). Religion and society. Random House, Inc.
  55. Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 550–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275004
  56. Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297232006
  57. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  58. Putra, I. E., & Wongkaren, Z. A. (2010). Konstruksi skala fundamentalisme Islam di Indonesia. Jurnal Psikobuana, 1, 151–161.
  59. Putra, I., & Pitaloka, A. (2012). Psikologi prasangka: Sebab, dampak, dan solusi. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.
  60. Raiya, H. A., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & Trevino, K. (2008). When Muslims are perceived as a religious threat: Examining the connection between desecration, religious coping, and anti-Muslim attitudes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530802502234
  61. Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S., & Labouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600885671
  62. Rutland, A., Killen, M., & Abrams, D. (2010). A new social-cognitive developmental perspective on prejudice: The interplay between morality and group identity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610369468
  63. Saguy, T., & Dovidio, J. F. (2013). Insecure status relations shape preferences for the content of intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(8), 1030–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213487078
  64. Saroglou, V. (2016). Intergroup conflict, religious fundamentalism, and culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115621174
  65. Schwartz, J. P., & Lindley, L. D. (2005). Religious fundamentalism and attachment: Prediction of homophobia. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1502_3
  66. Seul, J. R. (1999). `Ours is the way of God’: Religion, identity, and intergroup conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 36(5), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036005004
  67. Shahab, A.-N. M. I. (2008). Khuruj fi sabilillah: Sarana tarbiyah umat untuk membentuk sifat imaniyah. Pustaka Al-Ishlah.
  68. Shaver, J. H., Troughton, G., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. A. (2016). Religion and the unmaking of prejudice toward muslims: Evidence from a large national sample. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150209. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150209
  69. Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effect of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61(3–4), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3
  70. Smith, T. B., Stones, C. R., Peck, C. E., & Naidoo, A. V. (2007). The association of racial attitudes and spiritual beliefs in post-apartheid South Africa. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670600658730
  71. Sulistio, S. (2012). Prasangka agama antara muslim puritan dan muslim kultural ditinjau dari kepribadian otoritarian dan konformitas kelompok. Program Pascasarjana UNIKA Soegijapranata.
  72. Suryanto, P., M.G.B.A., H. I., & Alfian, I. N. (2012). Pengantar psikologi sosial. Pusat Penerbitan dan Percetakan Universitas Airlangga.
  73. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge University Press.
  74. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior (W. Dalam Austin & S. Worschel (eds.)). Nelson-Hall.
  75. Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2006). Social psychology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
  76. Ubaid, A., & Bakir, M. (2015). Nasionalisme dan Islam Nusantara. Kompas Media Nusantara.
  77. Umam, F. (2019). Ideological involution of the Islamists. Ukul Albab Jurnal Studi Islam, 20(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v20i1.5714
  78. Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Social identity complexity and immigrants’ attitude toward the host nation: The intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1165–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212446164
  79. Voci, A. (2006). The link between identification and in-group favouritism: Effects of threat to social identity and trust-related emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X52245
  80. Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001011
  81. Wahid, A. (Ed.). (2009). Ilusi negara Islam: Ekspansi gerakan Islam transnasional di Indonesia. The Wahid Institute.
  82. Wrench, J. S., Corrigan, M. W., McCroskey, J. C., & Punyanunt-Carter, N. M. (2006). Religious fundamentalism and intercultural communication: The relationships among ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, religious fundamentalism, homonegativity, and tolerance for religious disagreements. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 35(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475740600739198
  83. Yusanto, I. (2013). Adu domba: Catatan juru bicara HTI. Al-Wa’ie, 8(157).

Open Access Copyright (c) 2020 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl. Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Kampus III, Tambakaji Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Central Java - Indonesia
website: fpk.walisongo.ac.id

 
Visitor Statistics
apps