Negotiating the meaning of female genital mutilation and cutting: A symbolic interactionist approach among religious university students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/icj.2025.10.1.26282Keywords:
negotiating the meaning, Female Genital Mutilation and Cutting, symbolic interactionism, religious university students, zero toleranceAbstract
The meanings attributed to Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) are shaped through complex negotiations within religious and socio-cultural frameworks, including those observed in Indonesia. Using a combined qualitative and quantitative (mixed methods)-ethnographic and survey approach, data from 109 students of religious tertiary institutions in East Kalimantan on their perspectives on FGM/C practices can be more comprehensively explored. The results of the study, which were analysed using the three principles of symbolic interactionism, showed that 72.5 per cent of religious college student families still practice P2GP and 53.2 per cent stated that FGM/C practices are beneficial for women. However, they are also willing, if asked, to help socialise P2GP prevention with a percentage of 54.1 percent. This research contributes to revealing the constitutive communication owned by religious tertiary students with the emergence of negotiations on the meaning of FGM/C practices originating from the family environment and from the environment where they pursue higher education. Prevention efforts will have a greater impact when the Government collaborates with the parties according to their contribution. This research contributes to bridging the gap between the traditional understanding that lives in the cultural and religious values of the family and the critical perspective in the academic environment through an inclusive dialogue space to create zero tolerance for the practice of FGM/C, not only in East Kalimantan but also in Indonesia.
*****
Pemaknaan seputar praktik Pemotongan dan Pelukaan Genitalia Perempuan (P2GP) terbentuk melalui negosiasi yang kompleks dalam kerangka keagamaan dan sosio-kultural, termasuk yang terjadi di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan gabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif (mixed methods), data yang berasal dari 109 mahasiswa perguruan tinggi keagamaan di Kalimantan Timur tentang perspektif mereka terhadap praktik P2GP dapat lebih komprehensif dieksplorasi. Hasil penelitian yang dianalisis menggunakan tiga prinsip interaksionisme simbolik menunjukkan sebanyak 72,5 persen keluarga mahasiswa perguruan tinggi keagamaan masih melakukan praktik P2GP dan 53,2 persen menyatakan bahwa praktik P2GP bermanfaat bagi perempuan. Namun mereka juga bersedia jika diminta untuk membantu sosialisasi pencegahan P2GP dengan prosentase sebesar 54,1 persen. Penelitian ini berkontribusi mengungkap komunikasi konstitutif yang dimiliki oleh mahasiswa perguruan tinggi keagamaan dengan munculnya negosiasi terhadap makna praktik P2GP yang berasal dari lingkungan keluarga dan dari lingkungan tempat mereka menempuh pendidikan tinggi. Upaya pencegahan akan memiliki dampak yang lebih besar ketika Pemerintah berkolaborasi dengan para pihak sesuai dengan kontribusi yang dimiliki. Penelitian ini berkontribusi untuk menjembatani adanya kesenjangan antara pemahaman tradisional yang hidup dalam nilai budaya dan agama keluarga dengan persepktif kritis di lingkungan akademis melalui ruang dialog yang inklusif untuk mewujudkan toleransi nol pada praktik P2GP tidak hanya di Kalimantan Timur tetapi juga di Indonesia.
Downloads
References
Abdulah, D. M., Sedo, B. A., & Dawson, A. (2019). Female Genital Mutilation in rural regions of Iraqi Kurdistan: A cross-sectional study. Public Health Reports, 134(5), 514–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354919860512.
Abdulrahman, S. S., & Ismail, K. H. (2023). Prevalence and factors associated with Female Genital Mutilation in Erbil, Iraq. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 45(3), 1611–1614.
Ahinkorah, B. O. (2021). Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0–14 in Chad: A mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014–2015 Chad demographic and health survey data. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10293-y.
Ahlian, A., & Muawanah, S. (2019). Tradisi, praktik khitan anak perempuan dan tinjauan aspek medis di Pesisir Pantai Selatan Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kebidanan Dan Kesehatan, 10(2), 106–112. https://jurnal.stikesbup.ac.id/index.php/jks/article/view/52
Ahmed, H. M., Kareem, M. S., Shabila, N. P., & Mzori, B. Q. (2018). Knowledge and Perspectives of Female Genital Cutting among the local religious leaders in Erbil Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0459-x.
Alford, A. M., & Zaikman, Y. (2024). Examining gendered expectations in Christian leadership and the gender punishment gap. Journal of Psychology and Theology, https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471241262338.
Alifah, R. N., Nisa, A. A., Nugroho, E., & Hermawan, D. Y. (2024). Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Indonesia: Systematic review. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 7(11), 2631–2637.
Altunkurek, Ş. Z., Yeşilyurt, E., & Mohamed, S. H. (2024). Comparison of menstrual symptoms in University students with and without Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. International Journal of Women’s Health, 16(August), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S469902.
Anisa, Perwiraningtyas, P., & Trishinta, S. M. (2022). Cultural Practices of female circumcision. CARE Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan, 10(2), 217–226.
Ariesta, P. S. R. (2018). Praktik sunat anak perempuan (Studi tentang relasi kuasa dan reproduksi kuasa dalam praktik sunat anak perempuan dalam perspektif gender). In Jurnal Tesis (pp. 1–18). http://repository.unair.ac.id/80337/3/JURNAL_TSO.09 18 Ari p.pdf.
Aziz, A., & Zakir, S. (2024). Pola konsumsi, menabung, dan investasi pekerja tambang bersuku Jawa di Kalimantan: Studi etnografi konstruksi realitas finansial. Indonesian Research Journal on Education, 4(3), 1173–1178.
Creswell, J. W., & J. D. (2023). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches sixth edition.
Dama, F. (2024). Fenomena Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): Benturan tradisi, agama dan hukum positif di Indonesia. J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(1), 948–959.
Darmawan, A. B., & Hakim, A. I. (2020). Seraso ado di kampuang: Studi etnografi persaudaraan perantau Minang di rumah makan Padang di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif, 14(2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v14i2.1756.
El-Dirani, Z., Farouki, L., Akl, C., Ali, U., Akik, C., & McCall, S. J. (2022). Factors associated with female genital mutilation: A systematic review and synthesis of national, regional and community-based studies. BMJ Sexual and Reproductive Health, 48(3), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2021-201399.
Fadli, M. R. (2021). Memahami desain metode penelitian kualitatif. Humanika, 21(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v21i1.38075.
Fagbamigbe, A. F., Morhason-Bello, I. O., Kareem, Y. O., & Idemudia, E. S. (2021). Hierarchical modelling of factors associated with the practice and perpetuation of female genital mutilation in the next generation of women in Africa. PLoS ONE, 16(4 April), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250411.
Farida, J., Elizabeth, M. Z., Fauzi, M., Rusmadi, R., & Filasofa, L. M. K. (2018). Sunat pada anak perempuan (khifadz) dan perlindungan anak perempuan di Indonesia: Studi kasus di Kabupaten Demak. Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender, 12(3), 371. https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v12i3.2086.
Ghoni, A. A., Herningtyasari, G., Handayani, T., & Khoirul, I. (2023). Khitan perempuan dalam tinjauan tradisi dan hukum Islam. Iqtisad, 10(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.31942/iq.v10i2.8430/.
Griffin, E., Ledbetter, A., & Sparks, G. (2019). A first look at communication theory tenth edition. In Mc Graw Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315684635-12.
Grose, R.G.; Hayford, S.; Cheong, Y.F.; Garver, S.; Kandala, N.-B.; Yount, K. . (2021). The perception of african immigrant women living in spain regarding the persistence of fgm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413341.
Grose, R. G., Hayford, S. R., Cheong, Y. F., Garver, S., Kandala, N. B., & Yount, K. M. (2019). Community influences on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: Norms, opportunities, and ethnic diversity. Health Soc Behav, 60(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518821870.Community.
Hadisaputra. (2024). Makna simbol komunikasi Islam dalam tradisi sunat rasul di Desa Tanjung Emas Aceh Singkil. Sang Pencerah, 10(1), 738–751. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_Pencerah#/media/Berkas:Sang_Pencerah.jpg.
Hakeem, W. A., Sahudin, Z., Hafit, N. I. A., Aluwi, A. H., & Kamaruddin, B. H. (2024). Are male muslim leaders more effective than female muslim leaders in maldives regardless of their religiousness. Information Management and Business Review, 16(1), 37–48.
Handayani, E. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku sunat perempuan di Kelurahan Landasan Ulin Tengah Kota Banjarbaru. Jidan (Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan), 2(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.51771/jdn.v2i1.241
Harmina, Hayati, A. N., Majid, A., Sagirah, S., & Wahyuni, T. (2023). Analisis Resepsi mahasiswa ilmu agama terhadap praktik khitan perempuan. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemikiran Islam, 18(1), 940–947. http://conference.kuis.edu.my/pasak2017/images/prosiding/nilaisejagat/10-maad-ahmad.pdf.
Hermanto, A. (2016). Khitan perempuan antara tradisi dan syari’ah. Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Pemikiran Islam, 10(1), 257–294.
Heryani, N., & Diniyati. (2020). Tradisi dan persepsi tentang sunat perempuan di Desa Sukamaju Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2(1), 1–11.
Hidayati, N. W., Ahmaniyah, Salat, S. Y. S., Andrian, M. W., Sarti, S., & Sari, P. K. (2024). Sunat perempuan dalam perspektif budaya dan kesehatan di Desa Cranggang Kecamatan Dawe Kudus. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 3(8), 1677–1684.
Hidayati, S., Kurniasari, N. D., & Rahmawati, Y. (2017). Motif dan persepsi sunat perempuan di Madura. Jurnal Komunikasi, 11(2), 159. https://doi.org/10.21107/ilkom.v11i2.3331.
Hikmalisa, H. (2016). Dominasi habitus dalam praktik khitan perempuan di Desa Kuntu Darussalam Kabupaten Kampar Riau (Aplikasi Praktik Sosial Pierre Boudieu dalam Living Hadis). Jurnal Living Hadis, 1(2), 324. https://doi.org/10.14421/livinghadis.2016.1124.
Hikmalisa, & Iballa, D. K. M. (2022). Perspektif kesetaraan dan keadilan gender Husein Muhammad dalam silang pendapat khitan perempuan. Wahana Islamika, 8(1), 86–109.
Hodijah, S. N., Kartika, D. A., Sandiata, B., & Sicillia, G. (2019). Intersection between tradition & modernity a qualitative study on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): A research in 10 provinces, 17 regencies/municipalities, in Indonesia.
Husni, M., & Andriani, L. (2024). Khitan perempuan dalam pandangan Islam. Journal of Andalas Medica, 2(3), 137–147.
Inadjo, S., Kara, S. A., & Puyu, D. S. (2021). Makna khitan perempuan di Desa Sipayo Perspektif Hadis Nabi Saw. Jurnal Mercusuar, 2(3), 1–9. http://media.isnet.org/kmi/islam/Quraish/Membu.
Jannah, R., & Hermawan, S. (2022). Hukum sunat perempuan dalam pemikiran Musdah Mulia. Jurnal Al-Hakim: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, Studi Syariah, Hukum Dan Filantropi, 4(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.22515/alhakim.v4i1.5008.
Kartika, F. (2016). Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap sunat anak perempuan usia 0-11 tahun di Provinsi Jawa Timur (Analisis data riset kesehatan dasar Tahun 2013 ) Femmi. Paradigma, 4(3), 1–12.
Kiaymodjo, N. R., Kusumaningtyas, H. A., Ruslan, R., Ipa, I., Cuyuw, C. F., & Sunarmi, A. (2024). Faktor resiko sunat pada perempuan: Scoping review. Protein: Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Dan Kebidanan, 2(3), 277–283. https://journal.arikesi.or.id/index.php/Protein/article/view/652%0Ahttps://journal.arikesi.or.id/index.php/Protein/article/download/652/875.
Kusumastuti, I. (2018). Kebijakan operasional praktik khitan perempuan di Kabupaten Brebes. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan Indonesia, 8(01), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.33221/jiki.v8i01.90.
Lingga, G., & Najib, S. I. S. . (2025). The Female Genital Mutilation Regulations In Indonesia: The International Law, Human Rights, and Islamic Law Perspectives . Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law, 6(1), 123–166. https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v6i1.40503.
Martínez-Linares, J. M., López-Entrambasaguas, O. M., Fernández-Medina, I. M., Berthe-Kone, O., Fernández-Sola, C., Jiménez-Lasserrotte, M. del M., Hernández-Padilla, J. M., & Canet-Vélez, O. (2023). Lived experiences and opinions of women of sub-Saharan origin on female genital mutilation: A phenomenological study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(11–12), 2547–2558. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16294.
Masitoh, S., & Muhaemin. (2021). Tradisi khifadh perempuan Suku Sasak Perspektif hukum Islam. Journal of Islamic Civilization, 3(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.33086/jic.v3i1.1787
Melani, M., & Izmuddin, I. (2024). Analisis pengaruh Islamic work satisfaction dan workplace spirituality terhadap peningkatan organizational citizenship behavior islamic perspektif. Ekonomika, 19(1), 68–84.
Muhammad, F. (2025). Kontroversi penghapusan praktik sunat perempuan sebagai implementasi dalam perspektif PP No. 28 Tahun 2024 (pp. 1–8).
Mulyadi, A. (2018). Memaknai praktik tradisi ritual masyarakat muslim Sumenep. Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 1(2), 124–135.
Mustafa, I. (2020). Problematika khitan bagi perempuan prespektif hadis. Al-Fawatih, 01(01), 78–91.
Mustaqim, M. (2013). Konstruksi dan reproduksi budaya khitan perempuan: Pergulatan antara tradisi, keberagamaan dan kekerasan seksual di Jawa. Palastren Jurnal Studi Gender, 6(1), 89–106.
Nakamura, K., Miyachi, K., Miyawaki, Y., & Toda, M. (2017). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Global zero tolerance policy and diverse responses from African and Asian Local Communities. In Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6723-8.
Nangoi, J. P., & Daeli, O. O. (2023). Studi etnografi tentang stigmatisasi dan konformitas perempuan perokok dalam budaya patriarki. Focus, 4(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.26593/focus.v4i1.6473
Nisrofah, S. (2024). Pemotongan dan Pelukaan Genitalia Perempuan (P2GP): Sebuah tinjauan multidisipliner. Usrotuna: Journal of Islamic Family Law, 01(01), 45–60.
Ofori, M. A., Bekalo, D. B., Mensah, D. K., & Jha, N. (2025). Female genital mutilation among children in Ethiopia: A time-to-event analysis of age at circumcision. PLOS ONE, 20(1 January), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317966.
Oloba, B. L., & Blankenship, A. M. (2025). Gender dynamics in online religious leadership in Nigeria: Investigating how digital platforms shape communication, authority, and influence. Religions, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010005.
Ortensi, L. E., Farina, P., Carrillo, D., & Ripamonti, E. (2025). Exploring support for medicalized Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A study on migrant women living in Italy. PLoS ONE, 20(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322774.
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 1636/Menkes/Per/XII/2010 tentang Sunat Perempuan. Pencabutan Sunat Perempuan, 2(2), 161–167.
Pohan, N. Y., Zahra, A. A., Dero, M., Umar, M. A., & Nuraeni, N. (2023). Analisis fenomena Female Genital Mutilation di Asia Tenggara melalui perspektif feminis interseksional. Global and Policy Journal of International Relations, 11(01), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.33005/jgp.v11i01.3940.
Policy Brief Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): Practices in Ten Indonesian provinces. (2019). In Policy Brief (Vol. 1, Issue 01). https://kebijakankesehatanindonesia.net/images/2019/policy_brief_wujudkan_keadilan_sosial_dalam_jkn.pdf.
Pratiwi, Y. D. (2016). Pengaturan sunat perempuan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Novum, 3(2), 139–150. https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/28/article/view/17901%0Ahttps://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id/index.php/28/article/download/17901/16309.
Purwosusanto, H. (2020). Khitan, perempuan dan kekerasan seksual. Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Anak, 7(02), 115. https://doi.org/10.32678/jsga.v7i02.180.
Putranto, H. (2022). Criticizing Female Genital Mutilation practice from feminist standpoint theory: A view from communication science perspective. Jurnal Humaniora, 34(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.68097.
Rodríguez-Sánchez, V., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Berthe-Kone, O., Hernández-Padilla, J. M., Fernández-Sola, C., Molina, J. G., Morante-García, W., & García-González, J. (2023). Understanding the consequences of Female Genital Mutilation: A phenomenological study in sub-Saharan women living in Spain. Midwifery, 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103711.
Rokhmah, I., & Hani, U. (2015). Sunat perempuan dalam perspektif budaya, agama, dan kesehatan (Studi kasus di masyarakat Desa Baddui Kecamatan Galesong Kabupaten Takalar Sulawesi Selatan). STIKES ’Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, 11(2), 103–111.
Romziana, L. (2020). Khitan perempuan dalam Sunan Abu Daud. Al-Bayan: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Hadist, 3(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.35132/albayan.v3i1.81.
Rosyid, M. (2020). Hadis khitan pada perempuan: Kajian kritik matan sebagai upaya mengakhiri diskriminasi gender. In Riwayah : Jurnal Studi Hadis (Vol. 6, Issue 1, p. 19). https://doi.org/10.21043/riwayah.v6i1.6869.
Rosyidah, I., & Jamilah, J. (2022). Habitus and cultural reproduction of female circumcision in Muslim community of Sumenep. Society, 10(1), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i1.130.
Rozali, Y. A. (2022). Penggunaan analisis konten dan analisis tematik. Forum Ilmiah, 19(1), 68–76. www.researchgate.net.
Sakeah, E., Debpuur, C., Oduro, A. R., Welaga, P., Aborigo, R., Sakeah, J. K., & Moyer, C. A. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in the Bawku municipality and Pusiga District of northern Ghana. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0643-8.
Sakka, A. R. (2021). Kritik sanad hadis khitan terhadap perempuan sebagai kehormatan. Nukhbatul ’Ulum, 7(1), 99–118.
Salamah, U., Elok, Y., Faiqoh, R., & Aziizah, S. (2025). Pelaksanaan sunat perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam dan kesehatan. Ihsanika: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(1), 10–21.
Samwil, S., Rijal, F., & Martina, D. (2022). Nilai adat istiadat dalam sunat rasul di Gampong Gunung Pudung Kabupaten Aceh Selatan. Tazkir: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dan Keislaman, 8(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.24952/tazkir.v8i1.5800.
Sander, A., & Sunantri, S. (2020). Tradisi khitan perempuan (sejarah dan perkembangannya pada masyarakat Melayu Sambas Desa Kubangga Kecamatan Teluk Keramat). Jurnal Sambas, 3(1), 28–41.
Sari, I. P., Silawati, V., & Carolin, B. T. (2022). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Perilaku Orang Tua Melakukan Sirkumsisi Pada Bayi Perempuan. Menara Medika, 5(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.31869/mm.v5i1.3493
Savitsky, T. D., Williams, M. R., Gershunskaya, J., & Beresovsky, V. (2023). Methods for combining probability and nonprobability samples under unknown overlaps. Statistics in Transition New Series, 24(5), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.59170/stattrans-2023-061.
Sitasari, N. W. (2022). Mengenal analisa konten dan analisa tematik dalam penelitian kualitatif. Forum Ilmiah, 19(1), 77–84.
Subhaktiyasa, P. G., Candrawati, S. A. K., Sumaryani, P., Sunita, N. W., & Syakur, A. (2025). Penerapan statistik deskriptif: Perspektif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Jurnal Edukasi Matematika Dan Sains, 14(1), 96–104.
Sulahyuningsih, E., Aloysia, Y., & Alfia, D. (2021). Analysis of harmful traditional practices: Female Circumcision as an Indocator of gender equality in the perspective of religion, transcultural and reproductive healthin in Sumbawa District. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Dan Kebidanan, 12(1), 134–148. https://jurnal2.umku.ac.id/index.php/jikk/article/view/916/586%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.26751/jikk.v12i1.916.
Sulistyawati, F., & Hakim, A. (2022). Sunat perempuan di Indonesia: Potret terhadap praktik Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Jurnal Hawa : Studi Pengarus Utamaan Gender Dan Anak, 4(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.29300/hawapsga.v4i1.4736.
Susanti, R., Sudarianti, Alfi Laili, & Ruri Aditya Sari. (2022). Sociodemography, knowledge of maternal circumcision and its correlation to the implementation of baby girl circumcision in Securai Selatan village, Babalan District, Langkat Regency. Science Midwifery, 10(4), 3164–3170. https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i4.783.
Susilawati, M., Pagala, A., & Syamsi, N. (2023). Pandangan ulama Kota Samarinda terhadap khitan bagi perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam. Mitsaq: Islamic Family Law Journal, 1(1), 71–80. https://journal.uinsi.ac.id/index.php/mitsaq/article/view/5871.
Wahyuni, & Abd Halim K, M. (2022). Tradisi khitanan anak perempuan perspektif sosiologi agama. Sosiologia:Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat, 5(1), 67–77. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Yusanto, Y. (2020). Ragam pendekatan penelitian kualitatif. Journal of Scientific Communication (Jsc), 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.31506/jsc.v1i1.7764.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2025-06-23 (4)
- 2025-06-23 (3)
- 2025-06-13 (2)
- 2025-06-13 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Islamic Communication Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles. Therefore, the author must submit a statement of the Copyright Transfer Agreement.*)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In line with the license, authors and third parties (readers, researchers, and others) are allowed to share and adapt the material only for non-commercial purposes. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors and third parties (readers, researchers, and others) remix, transform or build upon the material, they must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
*) Authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive confirmation via email to send a Copyright Transfer Agreement.
