The relationship between gratitude and well-being: The moderating effect of religiosity on university freshmen during the COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v7i1.11055Keywords:
COVID-19, gratitude, new student, religiosity, well-beingAbstract
The various challenges and difficulties faced by college and university freshmen (new students) during the COVID-19 pandemic can affect their well-being. This well-being condition is influenced by gratitude and religiosity, as well as the role of religiosity in moderating these relations, are the main objectives of this study. The research was conducted on new students in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 academic years (N = 2048). Data collection was made through surveys by distributing online questionnaires, including the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the Short Muslim Belief and Practice Scale, and the WEMWBS Scale. Data analysis was performed using multiple regression and a moderation test. The results show an influence of gratitude (β = .928, p < .01) and religiosity (β = .371 p < .01) on well-being. Religiosity is demonstrated to moderate the relationship between gratitude and well-being (F = 251.656, p < .01). The study has empirical implications in the form of the theory that career achievement and well-being orientation for new students will face various problems, but can be helped by introducing self-protective factors in the form of well-being, religiosity, and gratitude.
Downloads
References
Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Naceur, F. (2007). Religiosity and its association with positive and negative emotions among college students from Algeria. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500497197
Achour, M., Mohd Nor, M. R., & Mohd Yusoff, M. Y. Z. (2016). Islamic personal religiosity as a moderator of job strain and employee’s well-being: The case of Malaysian academic and administrative staff. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1300–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0050-5
Alemany-Arrebola, I., Rojas-Ruiz, G., Granda-Vera, J., & Mingorance-Estrada, Á. C. (2020). Influence of COVID-19 on the perception of academic self-efficacy, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017
AlMarri, T. S. K., Oei, T. P. S., & Al-Adawi, S. (2009). The development of the Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(5), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802637643
Amalia, I., Riani, W., & Julia, A. (2016). The influence of religiosity values on happiness with Islamic consuming ethics as moderator variable. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.044
Assingkily, M. S., & Sit, M. (2020). Fenomena “Anak Badut” di kota Medan. Golden Age: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini, 5(4), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.14421/jga.2020.2020.54-01
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Batubara, S., & Siregar, J. H. (2021). Self directed learning readiness mahasiswa baru Program Studi Sarjana Keperawatan Institut Kesehatan Deli Husada Deli Tua tahun 2021. BEST Journal (Biology Education, Sains and Technology), 4(2), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.30743/best.v4i2.4765
Biber, D. D., Melton, B., & Czech, D. R. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on college anxiety, optimism, gratitude, and course satisfaction. Journal of American College Health, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1842424
Brown, E., Caldwell, C. H., & Antonucci, T. C. (2008). Religiosity as a moderator of family conflict and depressive symptoms among African American and White young grandmothers. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 18(4), 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911350802486718
Bunga, B. N., Wijaya, R. P. C., & Kiling, I. Y. (2021). Studying at home: Experience of parents and their young children in an underdeveloped area of Indonesia. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2021.1977436
Capone, V., Caso, D., Donizzetti, A. R., & Procentese, F. (2020). University student mental well-being during COVID-19 outbreak: What are the relationships between information seeking, perceived risk and personal resources related to the academic context? Sustainability, 12(17), 7039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177039
Chafsoh, A. M. (2020). Munculnya culture shock pada mahasiswa baru dalam perkuliahan daring selama pandemi COVID-19. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tmpn6
Chindarkar, N., Kulkarni, V., & Chandwani, R. (2021). Determinants of psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic among “people living with HIV/AIDS” in India. AIDS Care, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1966696
Chow, S. K., Francis, B., Ng, Y. H., Naim, N., Beh, H. C., Ariffin, M. A. A., Yusuf, M. H. M., Lee, J. W., & Sulaiman, A. H. (2021). Religious coping, depression and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Malaysian perspective. Healthcare, 9(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010079
Cornine, A. (2020). Reducing nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting: An integrative review. Nursing Education Perspectives, 41(4), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000633
Counted, V., Pargament, K. I., Bechara, A. O., Joynt, S., & Cowden, R. G. (2020). Hope and well-being in vulnerable contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic: does religious coping matter? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1832247
Cox, A., & Brewster, L. (2020). Library support for student mental health and well-being in the UK: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102256
Datu, J. A. D., Valdez, J. P. M., McInerney, D. M., & Cayubit, R. F. (2021). The effects of gratitude and kindness on life satisfaction, positive emotions, negative emotions, and COVID‐19 anxiety: An online pilot experimental study. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12306
Dobrakowski, P. P., Skalski, S., Surzykiewicz, J., Muszyńska, J., & Konaszewski, K. (2021). Religious coping and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic among Polish Catholics. The mediating effect of Coronavirus anxiety. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21), 4865. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214865
Edara, I. R., del Castillo, F., Ching, G. S., & del Castillo, C. D. (2021). Religiosity and contentment among teachers in the Philippines during COVID-19 pandemic: mediating effects of resilience, optimism, and well-being. Religions, 12(10), 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100879
Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020). Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 52(3), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000215
Fehring, R. J., Miller, J. F., & Shaw, C. (1997). Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression, and other mood states in elderly people coping with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24(4), 663–671.
Fitzgerald, A., & Konrad, S. (2021). Transition in learning during COVID‐19: Student nurse anxiety, stress, and resource support. Nursing Forum, 56(2), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12547
Frazier, P., Liu, Y., Asplund, A., Meredith, L., & Nguyen-Feng, V. N. (2021). US college student mental health and COVID-19: Comparing pre-pandemic and pandemic timepoints. Journal of American College Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1987247
Frías, M. T., Shaver, P. R., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2014). Individualism and collectivism as moderators of the association between attachment insecurities, coping, and social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513484631
Grimaldy, D. V., & Haryanto, H. C. (2020). Adaptation of Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ–6) in Indonesian Context. Jurnal Psikologi, 47(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.39608
Gritsenko, V., Skugarevsky, O., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., Marinova, T., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2021). COVID-19 fear, stress, anxiety, and substance use among Russian and Belarusian university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2362–2368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00330-z
Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. https://doi.org/10.2196/20185
Jaafar, J. L., Idris, M. A., Ismuni, J., Fei, Y., Jaafar, S., Ahmad, Z., Ariff, M. R. M., Takwin, B., & Sugandi, Y. S. (2012). The sources of happiness to the Malaysians and Indonesians: Data from a smaller nation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.164
Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). ‘We’re all individuals’: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.65
Jiang, D. (2022). Feeling gratitude is associated with better well-being across the life span: A daily diary study during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(4), e36–e45. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa220
Khan, Z. H., Watson, P. J., & Chen, Z. (2012). Islamic religious coping, perceived stress, and mental well-being in Pakistanis. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 34(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341236
Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2205–2214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01035-2
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Kowalczyk, O., Roszkowski, K., Montane, X., Pawliszak, W., Tylkowski, B., & Bajek, A. (2020). Religion and faith perception in a pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(6), 2671–2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3
Lee, J.-Y., Kim, M., Jhon, M., Kim, H., Kang, H.-J., Ryu, S., Kim, J.-M., & Kim, S.-W. (2021). The association of gratitude with perceived stress among nurses in Korea during COVID-19 outbreak. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(6), 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.002
Lee, J., Jeong, H. J., & Kim, S. (2021). Stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their use of mental health services. Innovative Higher Education, 46(5), 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-021-09552-y
Loreni, L., & Jannah, S. R. (2021). Tingkat adaptasi mahasiswa baru terhadap pembelajaran akademik secara daring. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Keperawatan, 5(3), 93–101. http://www.jim.unsyiah.ac.id/FKep/article/view/19074
Lugito, N. P. H., Kurniawan, A., Lorens, J. O., & Sieto, N. L. (2021). Mental health problems in Indonesian internship doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100283
Maulana, H., Khawaja, N., & Obst, P. (2019). Development and validation of the Indonesian Well‐being Scale. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12366
Mitra, R., Waygood, E. O. D., & Fullan, J. (2021). Subjective well-being of Canadian children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of the social and physical environment and healthy movement behaviours. Preventive Medicine Reports, 23, 101404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101404
Mulyono, H., Suryoputro, G., & Jamil, S. R. (2021). The application of WhatsApp to support online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(8), e07853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07853
Muñoz-Fernández, N., & Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A. (2021). Adolescents’ concerns, routines, peer activities, frustration, and optimism in the time of COVID-19 confinement in Spain. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(4), 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040798
Nurhayati, E. (2011). Psikologi pendidikan inovatif. Pustaka Pelajar.
Pigaiani, Y., Zoccante, L., Zocca, A., Arzenton, A., Menegolli, M., Fadel, S., Ruggeri, M., & Colizzi, M. (2020). Adolescent lifestyle behaviors, coping strategies and subjective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online student survey. Healthcare, 8(4), 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040472
Prieto-Ursúa, M., & Jódar, R. (2020). Finding meaning in hell. The role of meaning, religiosity and spirituality in posttraumatic growth during the coronavirus crisis in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3066. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567836
Purnama, S., Ulfah, M., Machali, I., Wibowo, A., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2021). Does digital literacy influence students’ online risk? Evidence from COVID-19. Heliyon, 7(6), e07406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07406
Putri, L. W. (2020). Dampak psikologis pada mahasiswa baru terhadap pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi COVID-19. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6gp7v
Qudsyi, H., & Putri, M. I. (2016). Self-efficacy and anxiety of national examination among high school students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217(1), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.082
Radestya, D. H. (2020). Pentingnya adaptasi mahasiswa dalam perkuliahan di tengah masa pandemi COVID-19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zstah
Schwaiger, E., Zehra, S. S., & Suneel, I. (2021). Attachment, religiosity, and perceived stress among religious minorities during the COVID-19 pandemic: The impact of cultural context. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 009164712110255. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471211025532
Seybold, K. S. (2007). Physiological mechanisms involved in religiosity/spirituality and health. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9115-6
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Stacey, A., D’Eon, M., & Madojemu, G. (2020). Medical student stress and burnout: Before and after COVID-19. Canadian Medical Education Journal, 11(6), e204. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.70305
Subandi, M. A., Chizanah, L., & Subhan, S. (2022). Psychotheraputic dimensions of an Islamic-sufi-based rehabilitation center: A case study. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 46(2), 582–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09738-1
Sukendro, S., Habibi, A., Khaeruddin, K., Indrayana, B., Syahruddin, S., Makadada, F. A., & Hakim, H. (2020). Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model to understand students’ use of e-learning during COVID-19: Indonesian sport science education context. Heliyon, 6(11), e05410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05410
Suresh, M. E., McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., & Shannonhouse, L. R. (2020). Predicting suicide risk in older homebound adults during COVID-19: The role of religious coping. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 39(4), 301–312.
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009). Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802118099
Tilkeridou, M., Moraitou, D., Pezirkianidis, C., & Stalikas, A. (2021). The relationships between gratitude, forgiveness, hope, and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 18(2), 112–153. https://doi.org/10.26262/hjp.v18i2.7955
Vishkin, A., Ben-Nun Bloom, P., Schwartz, S. H., Solak, N., & Tamir, M. (2019). Religiosity and emotion regulation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(9), 1050–1074. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119880341
Wang, Y., & Di, Q. (2020). Modifiable areal unit problem and environmental factors of COVID-19 outbreak. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 139984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139984
Watkins, T. L., Simpson, C., Cofield, S. S., Davies, S., Kohler, C., & Usdan, S. (2016). The relationship between HIV risk, high-risk behavior, religiosity, and spirituality among black men who have sex with men (MSM): An exploratory study. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(2), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0142-2
Wicaksono, D. A., Roebianto, A., & Sumintono, B. (2021). Internal Validation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale: Rasch analysis in the Indonesian Context. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 10(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v10i2.20260
Wright, L. J., Williams, S. E., & Veldhuijzen van Zanten, J. J. C. S. (2021). Physical activity protects against the negative impact of Coronavirus fear on adolescent mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 737. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.580511
Yilmaz, I., Bliuc, A.-M., Mansouri, F., & Bashirov, G. (2021). Young Muslim Australians’ experiences of intergroup contact and its implications for intercultural relations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(15), 2772–2793. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1850823
Zullig, K. J., Ward, R. M., & Horn, T. (2006). The association between perceived spirituality, religiosity, and life satisfaction: The mediating role of self-rated health. Social Indicators Research, 79(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4127-5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of the accepted article shall be assigned to the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to published articles.
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material only for non-commercial purposes. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform, or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
