From trauma to growth: A mixed-methods analysis of psychological factors in women’s experiences of temporary marriage

Casmini Casmini*    -  Department of Islamic Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Da’wa and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Musthofa Musthofa    -  Department of Islamic Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Da’wa and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Saptoni Saptoni    -  Department of Islamic Communication and Broadcasting, Faculty of Da’wa and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Moh. Khoerul Anwar    -  Department of Islamic Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Da’wa and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Lugazo Abubakar  -  Developmental and Educational Psychology, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

(*) Corresponding Author

Temporary marriage is not only about surviving the trauma and crisis but also offers the potential to emerge from difficulties due to its ability to provide meaning from past events. This study aims to measure the level of meaning in the life of female victims of temporary marriage in Singkawang, Indonesia, by exploring their experiences as an optimization to generate positive effects on their lives. Employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the research utilizes an inventory technique to investigate the meanings of life experienced by ten respondents. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with five women who had been impacted by temporary marriage in order to delve into their pursuit of a meaningful life, all of whom consented to the intervention. The findings indicate that women often find themselves as victims of temporary marriage at a middle economic level. The pursuit of a purpose in life emerged as a primary concern, surpassing other factors such as spirituality, self-acceptance, materialism, and problem-solving in the quest for life’s meaning. This situation is often hindered by psychological trauma stemming from challenges encountered within the context of temporary marriage. Through introspection and self-acceptance, individuals embarked on a journey of personal growth, gaining insights and heightened awareness that could serve as a form of intervention through social connection, prayer, close relationships, positive behaviors, experiences, and self-motivation. This research provides an understanding of the fact that difficulties or problems in life can have positive implications by motivating the desire to grow from the temporary marriage experience.

Keywords: meaning in life; personal growth; psychological factor; temporary marriage

  1. Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptotional significance and disposltional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64(4), 899–922. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00948.x
  2. Al-Ghanim, K. A. (2020). Consanguineous marriage in the Arab societies. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 11(6), 166–168. https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2020.11.00692
  3. Alase, A. (2017). The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9
  4. Altmaier, E. M. (2019). Promoting positive processes after trauma. Academic Press.
  5. Arivia, G., & Boangmanalu, A. G. (2015). Culture, sex and religion: A study of contract-marriage in Cisarua and Jakarta. Jurnal Perempuan, 20(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v20i1.56
  6. AS, Y., Yuliastini, A., & Setiawati, R. (2020). The handling of human trafficking with mail orger bride mode in West Kalimantan. International Journal of Law Reconstruction, 4(2), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v4i2.10976
  7. Ausman, B. (2003). Affairs of the heart—Marriage contracts for professionals. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 44(1), 83–86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340027/
  8. Bastaman, H. D. (2007). Logoterapi: Psikologi untuk menemukan makna hidup dan meraih hidup bermakna. Raja Grafindo Persada.
  9. Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. Guilford press.
  10. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830764
  11. Bone, A. (2020). Islamic marriage and divorce in the United Kingdom: The case for a new paradigm. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(1), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2020.1737412
  12. Bradbury‐Jones, C. (2007). Enhancing rigour in qualitative health research: Exploring subjectivity through Peshkin’s I’s. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(3), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04306.x
  13. Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health? International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 44–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9089-
  14. Bryngeirsdottir, H. S., & Halldorsdottir, S. (2022). The challenging journey from trauma to post‐traumatic growth: Lived experiences of facilitating and hindering factors. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 36(3), 752–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.13037
  15. Bühler, J. L., Orth, U., Bleidorn, W., Weber, E., Kretzschmar, A., Scheling, L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2024). Life events and personality change: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 38(3), 544–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070231190219
  16. Casmini, C., & Hasanah, E. (2024). Professional and personality competency in prophetic counseling: A phenomenological study of school counselors. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v5i1.20651
  17. Casmini, C., & Supardi, S. (2020). Family resilience: Preventive solution of Javanese youth klithih behavior. The Qualitative Report, 25(4), 947–961. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4361
  18. Citra, M., Lestari, R., & Hendra, R. (2016). Tinjauan yuridis terhadap kawin kontrak dalam perspektif hukum perjanjian dan hukum Islam. https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/jomfhukum/article/view/10173
  19. Collins, K. M. T., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Jiao, Q. G. (2006). Prevalence of mixed-methods sampling designs in social science research. Evaluation & Research in Education, 19(2), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.2167/eri421.0
  20. Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
  21. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Pubications, Inc.
  22. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications Inc.
  23. de Medeiros, A. Y. B. B. V., Pereira, E. R., & Silva, R. M. C. R. A. (2024). The meaning of life and religious coping in the fight against cancer: A study with oncology patients in Brazil in light of Viktor Frankl’s theory. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(2), 1373–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01856-x
  24. Debats, D. L., Drost, J., & Hansen, P. (1995). Experiences of meaning in life: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. British Journal of Psychology, 86(3), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02758.x
  25. Dickinson, S. (2021). Post-traumatic growth in the twenty-first century: How current trends may threaten our ability to grow after trauma. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(4), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1752782
  26. Englander, M., & Morley, J. (2023). Phenomenological psychology and qualitative research. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 22(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-021-09781-8
  27. Figley, C. R., & McCubbin, H. I. (Eds.). (1983). Stress and the family: Coping with catastrophe. Routledge.
  28. Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. Washington Square Press.
  29. Frankl, V. E. (1992). Man’s search for meaning (4th ed.). Beacon.
  30. G. Davis, Camille B. Wortman, Darri, C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct? Death Studies, 24(6), 497–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180050121471
  31. Grass, K. (2024). The three logics of qualitative research: Epistemology, ontology, and methodology in political science. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/14083
  32. Gross, G. M., Laws, H., Park, C. L., Hoff, R., & Hoffmire, C. A. (2019). Meaning in life following deployment sexual trauma: Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Research, 278, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.037
  33. Hall, C. S., & Lindzey, G. (1985). Introduction to theories of personality. John Wiley & Son.
  34. Hanum, Y. N., Mutrofin, M., & Rosyidah, A. (2024). Mut’ah marriage: Perspectives across religious groups. Nizam: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(1), 1–10. https://journal.csspublishing.com/index.php/nizam/article/view/654
  35. Harith, N. H. M., & Noon, H. M. (2012). Subjective life satisfaction among urban Malay civil servants in Malaysia: A qualitative study. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(1), 295–303. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijsshs/issue/26219/276092
  36. Hasanah, U. (2019). Contract marriage. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Internatioal Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (AICOSH 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/aicosh-19.2019.17
  37. Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014). Life is pretty meaningful. American Psychologist, 69(6), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035049
  38. Helandri, J., Achmad, G., & Supriadi, S. (2023). Mut’ah marriage in Islamic perspective. Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies, 1(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.58723/ijfis.v1i1.28
  39. Heng, M. A., Fulmer, G. W., Blau, I., & Pereira, A. (2020). Youth purpose, meaning in life, social support and life satisfaction among adolescents in Singapore and Israel. Journal of Educational Change, 21(2), 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-020-09381-4
  40. Izat, A. (2020). Contract marriage in Indonesia: Controversial and contemporary issue on law and its impact. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 2(4), 407–420. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/iccle/article/view/43158
  41. Jeanty, G., & Hibel, J. (2014). Mixed methods research of adult family care home residents and informal caregivers. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2011.1081
  42. Keptner, K. (2014). Mixed methods design: A beginner’s guide. The Qualitative Report, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2011.1075
  43. Khan, S. N. (2014). Qualitative research method - phenomenology. Asian Social Science, 10(21), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n21p298
  44. Khandelwal, A., & Patwa, S. (2018). Muta marriage. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities (IJLMH), 1(2). https://ijlmh.com/muta-marriage/
  45. Kim, E., Park, H.-J., & Hogge, I. (2015). Examination of the Adlerian constructs of activity and social interest with depression among recent Korean retirees: Meaning in life as a mediator. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61(3), 378–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.07.003
  46. Kimble, M. A., & Ellor, J. W. (2001). Logotherapy: An overview. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 11(3–4), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1300/J078v11n03_03
  47. Kinasih, S. E., Koesbardiati, T., & Mas’udah, S. (2019). Women’s reproductive rights under marriage contract. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(9), 132–144. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss9/12/
  48. King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2021). The science of meaning in life. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 561–584. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921
  49. King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
  50. Lafortune, J., & Low, C. (2023). Collateralized marriage. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 15(4), 252–291. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20210614
  51. Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F., & Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802216311
  52. Langdridge, D. (2017). Phenomenology. In the Palgrave handbook of critical social psychology (pp. 165–183). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51018-1_9
  53. Lewis, M. H. (2019). Viktor Frankl and the book of job: A search for meaning. The Lutterworth Press, James Clarke & Co Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv15r5706
  54. Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation (Vol. 47). SAGE Pubications, Inc.
  55. Lubis, A. A. R., Muzakki, M., Rizal, F., & Makmun, A. (2021). Mut’ah marriage: Between human rights and maqashid shari’ah. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Islamic Studies, ICIS 2020, 27-28 October 2020, Ponorogo, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-10-2020.2304156
  56. Lukito, R. (2022). Continuity and change in law: Confabulating misyar marriages in Indonesia. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 12(1S). https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1294
  57. Lumingkewas, J. (2022). The consequences of contract marriage law on the position of wives, children, and wealth in the perspective of Islamic law. Damhil Law Journal, 2(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.56591/dlj.v2i2.1744
  58. Mahapatro, M., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Coping strategies of women survivors of domestic violence residing with an abusive partner after registered complaint with the family counseling center at Alwar, India. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22297
  59. Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
  60. Mintarsih, M., & Mahdami, L. (2021). The legal status of mut’ah marriage in Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 21(3), 397. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.V21.397-408
  61. Musofa, M., Casmini, C., & Sutrisno, S. (2019). Pencarian makna hidup siswa dari keluarga miskin di Kabupaten Wonosobo. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.4076
  62. Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2024). Demystification and actualisation of data saturation in qualitative research through thematic analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069241229777
  63. Nafis, M. D. A. (2021). Harmonisasi tradisi di tengah modernitas umat: Kajian fenomenologi terhadap akad nikah Samin Kudus. Al-Adabiya: Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Keagamaan, 16(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.37680/adabiya.v16i2.962
  64. Nemati, M., Behmanesh, F., Kheirkhah, F., Geraili, Z., & Pasha, H. (2022). Marital commitment and mental health in different patterns of mate selection: A comparison of modern, mixed, and traditional patterns. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10691
  65. Newman, D. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2019). Private self-consciousness in daily life: Relationships between rumination and reflection and well-being, and meaning in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.039
  66. Nisa, R. L., & Rahmani, D. R. (2022). Stress management with positive thinking in the mindst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Prosiding Pengembangan Masyarakat Mandiri Berkemajuan Muhammadiyah (Bamara-Mu), 2(1), 90–94.
  67. Nuraeny, H., & Kuswandi, K. (2019). Legal protection for contract marriage victims in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 22(3), 1–7. https://www.abacademies.org/abstract/legal-protection-for-contract-marriage-victims-in-indonesia-8335.html
  68. Nuranisa, S. A., Nurwati, N., & Fedryansyah, M. (2022). Anomaly ‘marriage mut’ah’ in Arab Village Bogor. Legal Brief, 11(2), 660–667. https://legal.isha.or.id/index.php/legal/article/view/182
  69. Oishi, S., & Westgate, E. C. (2022). A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning. Psychological Review, 129(4), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000317
  70. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  71. Park, H., & Jeong, D. Y. (2016). Moderation effects of perfectionism and meaning in life on depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.073
  72. Park, J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2017). Meaning in life and adjustment to daily stressors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1209542
  73. Park, N., Park, M., & Peterson, C. (2010). When is the search for meaning related to life satisfaction? Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01024.x
  74. Pattakos, A., & Dundon, E. (2017). Discovering meaning through the lens of work. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 30(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119084
  75. Rahman, A. (2019). Criminalizing adultery in criminal legalities: Constructing the wife vs. the other in Islamic family law. In P. Ciocchini & G. Radics (Eds.), Criminal Legalities in Global South: Cultural Dynamics, Political Tensions, and Institutional Practices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429459764
  76. Reker, G. T., Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1987). Meaning and purpose in life and well-being: A life-span perspective. Journal of Gerontology, 42(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/42.1.44
  77. Riswandari, I. K. (2023). Understanding child sexual exploitation through under-aged contractual marriage in Bogor, Indonesia. International Hybrid Conference on “Current Issues in Human Rights and Development Research” 2023, 187–196.
  78. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  79. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
  80. Sadaghiyani, S., Belgrade, A., Kira, M., & Lee, F. (2023). Finding strength in adversity: Exploring the process of posttraumatic growth among multicultural individuals. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 29(3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000517
  81. Salama, N., & Chikudate, N. (2021). Religious influences on the rationalization of corporate bribery in Indonesia: A phenomenological study. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 10(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-021-00123-0
  82. Salama, N., & Chikudate, N. (2023). Unpacking the lived experiences of corporate bribery: a phenomenological analysis of the common sense in the Indonesian business world. Social Responsibility Journal, 19(3), 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2021-0232
  83. Santiara, P. S., & Azzulfa, F. A. (2024). Mut’ah marriage controversy between widow and widower from a positive law perspective. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Sharia and Law, 2, 1–21.
  84. Schnell, T. (2020). The psychology of meaning in life. Routledge.
  85. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Free Press.
  86. Shoshani, A., & Russo-Netzer, P. (2017). Exploring and assessing meaning in life in elementary school children: Development and validation of the meaning in life in children questionnaire (MIL-CQ). Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 460–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.014
  87. Silbaugh, K. B. (1998). Marriage contracts and the family economy. Northwestern University Law Review, 65. https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/1675
  88. Smith, J. A., & Shinebourne, P. (2012). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. (pp. 73–82). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-005
  89. Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.003
  90. Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kesebir, S. (2011). Is a life without meaning satisfying? The moderating role of the search for meaning in satisfaction with life judgments. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(3), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.569171
  91. Stillman, T. F., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011). Meaning as magnetic force. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610378382
  92. Suhud, U., & Sya’bani, N. S. (2014). Halal sex tourism in Indonesia: understanding the motivation of young female host to marry with Middle Eastern male tourists. Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 5, 91–94. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/17530
  93. Suhud, U., & Willson, G. (2016). The impact of attitude, subjective norm, and motivation on the intention of young female hosts to marry with a Middle Eastern tourist: A projective technique relating to halal sex tourism in Indonesia. In Heritage, Culture and Society (pp. 237–242). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781315386980-42/impact-attitude-subjective-norm-motivation-intention-young-female-hosts-marry-middle-eastern-tourist-projective-technique-relating-halal-sex-tourism-indonesia-suhud-willson
  94. Susilo, S., B, B., Definika, I., & Definika, I. (2022). Phenomenon of unregistered marriage in teenagers in Indonesia: A case study of the Madurese community in Situbondo. KnE Social Sciences, 405–417. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i16.12184
  95. Suyasa, P. (2008). The measurement of meaning in life. Second Convention of Asian Psychological Association (APsyA).
  96. Taylor, E. (2023). Post-traumatic growth: A paradigm for psychological change. Journal of Student Research, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v11i4.1720
  97. Terrell, S. (2015). Mixed-methods research methodologies. The Qualitative Report, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1819
  98. Uemura, K. (2018). The fourth meaning in life: With a discussion of what Viktor E. Frankl calls eeaning. Philosophy Study, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5313/2018.06.005
  99. Umarama, I., Hamzah, A., Al Ashari, J., Widyantoro, A., & Shofia, F. M. (2020). Comparison mut’ah marriage according to Islamic law and National law. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 7(3), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v7i3.13490
  100. Valizadeh, F., Mohammadbeigi, A., Chaman, R., Kashefi, F., Nazari, A. M., & Motaghi, Z. (2021). Sexual and reproductive health challenges in temporary marriage: A systematic review. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 21(1), e00504–e00504. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2021.42
  101. Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Catapano, R. (2019). It’s not going to be that fun: Negative experiences can add meaning to life. Current Opinion in Psychology, 26, 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.014
  102. Wallin, A.-M. M., & Ahlström, G. I. (2005). Unaccompanied young adult refugees in Sweden, experiences of their life situation and well-being: A qualitative follow-up study. Ethnicity & Health, 10(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850500071145
  103. Ward, S. J., & King, L. A. (2017). Work and the good life: How work contributes to meaning in life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 37, 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2017.10.001
  104. Wilchek-Aviad, Y., & Malka, M. (2016). Religiosity, meaning in life and suicidal tendency among Jews. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(2), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9996-y
  105. Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 52(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022511
  106. Woodley, X., & Lockard, M. (2016). Womanism and snowball sampling: Engaging marginalized populations in holistic research. The Qualitative Report, 21(2), 321–329. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2198
  107. Yu, E. A., & Chang, E. C. (2019). Meaning in life as a predictor of optimism: How parents mattering matters to Asian and European Americans. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 366–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.031
  108. Yuen, M., & Yau, J. (2015). Relation of career adaptability to meaning in life and connectedness among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.10.003

Open Access Copyright (c) 2024 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl. Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Kampus III, Tambakaji Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Central Java - Indonesia
website: fpk.walisongo.ac.id

 
Visitor Statistics
apps