Validation of the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale: An examination of its psychometric properties using confirmatory factor analysis

Gilang Tri Prayogo Yusuf*    -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Ahmet Salih Şimşek    -  Department of Measurement and Evaluation in Education, Faculty of Education, Ahi Evran University, Kirşehir, Türkiye
Farida Agus Setiawati    -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari    -  Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Madhya Pradesh, India
Amir Sam Kianimoghadam    -  Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/pjpp.v9i1.20053

In recent years, research has highlighted the essential role of forgiveness in fostering interpersonal relationships and preserving social harmony. However, more precise measurement methods are necessary, particularly in the Indonesian context. The purpose of this study was to develop the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale. The investigation rigorously explores the construct by implementing confirmatory factor analysis. To evaluate the instrument's reliability, we used McDonald's omega coefficient. This study included 549 adults aged 18 to 35 from Yogyakarta, with a mean age of 23.09, including 258 males and 291 females. The loading values for revenge and avoidance factors were .724 to .841 and .796 to .845, respectively; while benevolence varied more, ranging from .538 to .824. The McDonald's omega value of .953 indicated excellent reliability. Robust correlations between the items and factors on the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale demonstrate its effectiveness and relevance in Indonesia. Future research should explore the dynamics of interpersonal forgiveness across diverse regions in Indonesia to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon within distinct cultural contexts.

Keywords: avoidance; benevolence; interpersonal forgiveness; revenge

  1. Abbott, O. (2024). A sociology of forgiveness in relationships: Why the sociology of personal life should be interested in forgiveness. Families, Relationships and Societies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1332/20467435Y2024D000000012
  2. Abu-Raiya, H., & Ayten, A. (2020). Religious involvement, interpersonal forgiveness and mental health and well-being among a multinational sample of Muslims. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(8), 3051–3067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00213-8
  3. Amajida, D., Yassar, M. N. E., & Hanifah, H. (2023). Adaptasi skala Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM 18) terhadap hubungan romantis pada dewasa awal. Jurnal Psikologi, 16(2), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.35760/psi.2023.v16i2.7923
  4. Amanze, R. U., & Carson, J. (2019). Measuring forgiveness: Psychometric properties of a new culturally sensitive questionnaire: The Bolton Forgiveness Scale (BFS). Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(10), 994–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1716211
  5. Aslam, K., Khan, R. A., Aslam, M. A., & Zaidi, F. Z. (2023). Curriculum implementation challenges: Development and validation of an integrated curriculum implementation challenges tool. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 40(1), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.1.7258
  6. Aziz, I. A., & Yıldırım, M. (2020). Investigating relationship between psychological trait resilience and forgiveness among internally displaced persons. Psychology, Community & Health, 8(1), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v8i1.313
  7. Band-Winterstein, T., Shulyaev, K., & Eisikovits, Z. (2024). Is lifetime abuse forgivable in old age? Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 36(2), 198–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2024.2319785
  8. Bankard, J., Yoon, D. P., Smith, E. I., Cohen, D., Bruininks, P., Edman, L. R. O., Witvliet, C. V. O., & Johnstone, B. (2023). The interaction between forgiveness and resentment on mental health outcomes: Two sides of the same coin? Religion, Brain & Behavior, 13(4), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2147985
  9. Barcaccia, B., Ioverno, S., Salvati, M., Medvedev, O. N., Pallini, S., & Vecchio, G. M. (2023). Measuring predictors of psychopathology in Italian adolescents: Forgiveness, avoidance and revenge. Current Psychology, 42(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01414-2
  10. Barcaccia, B., Salvati, M., Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Curcio, G., Mancini, F., & Vecchio, G. M. (2020). Interpersonal forgiveness and adolescent depression. The mediational role of self-reassurance and self-criticism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01550-1
  11. Behrens, C., Kliem, S., & Kröger, C. (2024). Doctrine-shaped trait forgiveness and relationship satisfaction in people who identify as Christians — A multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 9(1), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-023-00113-6
  12. Booker, J. A., & Perlin, J. D. (2021). Using multiple character strengths to inform young adults’ self-compassion: The potential of hope and forgiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(3), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1716048
  13. Brady, D. L., Saldanha, M. F., & Barclay, L. J. (2023). Conceptualizing forgiveness: A review and path forward. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 261–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2632
  14. Brudek, P., & Kaleta, K. (2023). Marital offence-specific forgiveness as mediator in the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction among older couples: Perspectives on Lars Tornstam’s theory of gerotranscendence. Ageing and Society, 43(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X21000465
  15. Campos, L. A., Kämäräinen, M., Silvola, A.-S., Marôco, J., Peltomäki, T., & Campos, J. A. D. B. (2021). Orofacial Esthetic Scale and Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties of the Finnish version. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 79(5), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2020.1857435
  16. Cao, W., van der Wal, R. C., & Taris, T. W. (2021). When work relationships matter: Interpersonal forgiveness and work outcomes. International Journal of Stress Management, 28(4), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000192
  17. Cao, Y., Yuan, J., & Luo, L. (2024). The physical activity and social support scale: A translation and psychometric validation study in a Chinese college student sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1252561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1252561
  18. Ceylan-Batur, S., Uskul, A. K., & Gul, P. (2023). Forgive and forget? Honor-oriented individuals are less forgiving of transgressing peers. Personality and Individual Differences, 206, 112147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112147
  19. Chen, G., Li, Y., Ding, W., Chen, J., Zhang, L., & Zhang, W. (2023). The association between transgressor’s remorse and victim’s forgiveness among young children: The activation effect of bystanders. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(9), 1441. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01441
  20. Chen, Xin, Liang, K., Huang, L., Mu, W., Dong, W., Chen, S., Chen, S., & Chi, X. (2022). The psychometric properties and cutoff score of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) in Chinese primary school students. Children, 9(4), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9040499
  21. Chen, Xu, Zhao, H., & Zhang, D. (2022). Forgiveness as a mediator between psychological suzhi and prosocial behavior in Chinese adolescents. Behavioral Sciences, 12(9), 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12090330
  22. Chen, Y.-Q., Huang, X.-J., Yang, F., Yang, J.-J., Zhong, J., Yao, K.-M., Kuang, J.-X., & Xu, M.-Z. (2024). A Chinese adaptation of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A): Factor structure and psychometric properties. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05783-3
  23. Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
  24. Chi, P., Tang, Y., Worthington, E. L., Chan, C. L. W., Lam, D. O. B., & Lin, X. (2019). Intrapersonal and interpersonal facilitators of forgiveness following spousal infidelity: A stress and coping perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(10), 1896–1915. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22825
  25. Cleare, S., Gumley, A., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Self‐compassion, self‐forgiveness, suicidal ideation, and self‐harm: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(5), 511–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2372
  26. Cook, K. V., Kurniati, N. M. T., Suwartono, C., Widyarini, N., Griffin, B. J., & Cowden, R. G. (2024). Associations of self‐forgiveness processes with distress and well‐being outcomes: Evidence from a longitudinal study of Indonesian adults. International Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.13093
  27. Cook, K. V., Kurniati, N. M. T., Suwartono, C., Widyarini, N., Worthington Jr., E. L., & Cowden, R. G. (2022). Differential effects of decisional and emotional forgiveness on distress and well-being: A three-wave study of Indonesian adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 918045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918045
  28. Cornish, M. A., Guyll, M., Wade, N. G., Lannin, D. G., Madon, S., & Chason, K. C. (2020). Does empathy promotion necessarily lead to greater forgiveness? An experimental examination. Current Psychology, 39(3), 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9816-8
  29. Coşkun, Ö., Timurçin, U., Kıyak, Y. S., & Budakoğlu, I. İ. (2023). Validation of IFMSA social accountability assessment tool: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04121-7
  30. Costa, L., Worthington, Jr., E. L., Cavadas Montanha, C., Couto, A. B., & Cunha, C. (2021). Construct validity of two measures of self-forgiveness in Portugal: A study of self-forgiveness, psychological symptoms, and well-being. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 24(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.500
  31. Crapolicchio, E., Regalia, C., Bernardo, G. A. Di, & Cinquegrana, V. (2021). The role of relational dependence, forgiveness and hope on the intention to return with an abusive partner. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(9), 2474–2493. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211011546
  32. Dabbagh, A., Seens, H., Fraser, J., & MacDermid, J. C. (2023). Construct validity and internal consistency of the Home and Family Work Roles Questionnaires: A cross-sectional study with exploratory factor analysis. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02199-1
  33. Edwards, K. D., & Konold, T. R. (2023). Impact of informative priors on model fit indices in Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 30(2), 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2022.2126359
  34. Enright, R., Rique, J., Lustosa, R., Song, J. Y., Komoski, M. C., Batool, I., Bolt, D., Sung, H., Huang, S. T. T., Park, Y., Leer-Salvesen, P. E., Andrade, T., Naeem, A., Viray, J., & Costuna, E. (2022). Validating the Enright Forgiveness Inventory – 30 (EFI-30). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000649
  35. Ermer, A. E., Roach, A. L., Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. (2022). Attitudes about forgiveness and leaving a relationship: The context of relationship aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13–14), NP11964–NP11990. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521997437
  36. Fincham, F. D., & May, R. (2024). Divine forgiveness and well-being among emerging adults in the USA. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(3), 2276–2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01678-3
  37. Fincham, F. D., May, R. W., & Carlos Chavez, F. L. (2020). Does being religious lead to greater self-forgiveness? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(3), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1615109
  38. Fischer, T. (2023). Measuring behaviors counterfactually. The Leadership Quarterly, 34(6), 101750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2023.101750
  39. Fitzgerald, M. (2022). Relating from the past or the present: Relationship mindfulness as a mediator linking childhood maltreatment to adult relationship quality. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 21(3), 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2021.1926387
  40. Ford, T., Lipson, J., & Miller, L. (2023). Spiritually grounded character: A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1061416. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061416
  41. Forster, D. E., Billingsley, J., Russell, V. M., McCauley, T. G., Smith, A., Burnette, J. L., Ohtsubo, Y., Schug, J., Lieberman, D., & McCullough, M. E. (2020). Forgiveness takes place on an attitudinal continuum from hostility to friendliness: Toward a closer union of forgiveness theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(4), 861–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000227
  42. Fourie, M. M., Hortensius, R., & Decety, J. (2020). Parsing the components of forgiveness: Psychological and neural mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 112, 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.020
  43. Fu, Y., Wen, Z., & Wang, Y. (2022). A comparison of reliability estimation based on confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 82(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644211008953
  44. Fuente-Anuncibay, R. de la, González-Barbadillo, Á., Ortega-Sánchez, D., Ordóñez-Camblor, N., & Pizarro-Ruiz, J. P. (2021). Anger rumination and mindfulness: Mediating effects on forgiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052668
  45. Gabay, R., Hameiri, B., Rubel-Lifschitz, T., & Nadler, A. (2020). The tendency for interpersonal victimhood: The personality construct and its consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 165, 110134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110134
  46. Gao, F., Li, Y., & Bai, X. (2022). Forgiveness and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis review. Personality and Individual Differences, 186, 111350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111350
  47. García-Fernández, J., Postigo, Á., Cuesta, M., González-Nuevo, C., Menéndez-Aller, Á., & García-Cueto, E. (2022). To be direct or not: Reversing Likert response format items. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 25, e24. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2022.20
  48. Głaz, S. (2019). The relationship of forgiveness and values with meaning in life of Polish students. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(5), 1886–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00860-4
  49. Goodwin, R., Hou, W. K., Sun, S., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). Quarantine, distress and interpersonal relationships during COVID-19. General Psychiatry, 33(6), e100385. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100385
  50. Gordon, M. (2020). Self-forgiveness, shame, and moral development. Philosophy of Education, 76(3), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.47925/76.3.022
  51. Grøntvedt, T. V., Kennair, L. E. O., & Bendixen, M. (2020). Breakup likelihood following hypothetical sexual or emotional infidelity: Perceived threat, blame, and forgiveness. Journal of Relationships Research, 11, e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2020.5
  52. Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Mehra, A., Avasthi, A., Tripathi, A., Subramanyan, A., Pattojoshi, A., Rao, Gp., Saha, G., Mishra, K., Chakraborty, K., Rao, N., Vaishnav, M., Singh, O., Dalal, P., Chadda, R., Gupta, R., Gautam, S., Sarkar, S., … Janardran Reddy, Y. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 354. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_427_20
  53. Halilova, J. G., Struthers, C. W., Guilfoyle, J. R., Shoikhedbrod, A., van Monsjou, E., & George, M. (2020). Does resilience help sustain relationships in the face of interpersonal transgressions? Personality and Individual Differences, 160, 109928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109928
  54. Haslip, M. J., Allen-Handy, A., & Donaldson, L. (2019). How do children and teachers demonstrate love, kindness and forgiveness? Findings from an early childhood strength-spotting intervention. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 531–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00951-7
  55. Hirst, S. L., Hepper, E. G., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2019). Attachment dimensions and forgiveness of others: A meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3960–3985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519841716
  56. Ho, M. Y., Van Tongeren, D. R., & You, J. (2020). The role of self-regulation in forgiveness: A regulatory model of forgiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 01084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01084
  57. Ho, S., Cook, K. V., Chen, Z. J., Kurniati, N. M. T., Suwartono, C., Widyarini, N., Wong, P. T. P., & Cowden, R. G. (2022). Suffering, psychological distress, and well‐being in Indonesia: A prospective cohort study. Stress and Health, 38(5), 879–890. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3139
  58. Hodge, A. S., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Bufford, R. K., Bassett, R. L., & McMinn, M. R. (2022). Experiencing grace: A review of the empirical literature. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(3), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1858943
  59. Horowski, J. (2022). Harm, forgiveness and the subjectivity of the victim. Philosophia, 50(3), 1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-021-00446-z
  60. Jang, S. J., Chung, S. J., & Lee, H. (2023). Validation of the Climate Change Anxiety Scale for Korean adults. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 2023, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9718834
  61. Johnson, S. K., Zitzmann, B., & Flemate, N. (2023). Forgiveness as a component of spiritual change after the murder of a loved one. Death Studies, 47(1), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.2021568
  62. Juanamasta, I. G., Aungsuroch, Y., Fisher, M. L., Nuryani, S. N. A., & Ayuningsih, N. N. (2023). Translation and validation study of the Indonesian version of the practice environment scale of the nursing work index. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 10(4), 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.09.018
  63. Kachel, T., Huber, A., Strecker, C., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2021). Reality meets belief: A mixed methods study on character strengths and well-being of hospital physicians. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 547773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.547773
  64. Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2022). Gender differences in forgiveness and its affective correlates. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), 2819–2837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5
  65. Kang, E., & Foster, E. (2024). Content validity of MyGoals, a new goal setting and goal management system. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 105(4), e106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2024.02.299
  66. Kangwanrattanakul, K., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2024). Psychometric evaluation of the WHOQOL-BREF and its shorter versions for general Thai population: Confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis. Quality of Life Research, 33(2), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-023-03521-y
  67. Karahan, S., Ağadayı, E., Sarı, S. A., Çelik, N., Kömürlüoğlu Tan, A., & Döğer, E. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Turkish validity and reliability of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 15(3), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-3-20
  68. Karremans, J. C., van Schie, H. T., van Dongen, I., Kappen, G., Mori, G., van As, S., ten Bokkel, I. M., & van der Wal, R. C. (2020). Is mindfulness associated with interpersonal forgiveness? Emotion, 20(2), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000552
  69. Khan, M. S., Elahi, N. S., & Abid, G. (2021). Workplace incivility and job satisfaction: Mediation of subjective well-being and moderation of forgiveness climate in health care sector. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040082
  70. Kim, J. J., Volk, F., & Enright, R. D. (2022). Validating the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (ESFI). Current Psychology, 41(11), 7604–7617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01248-4
  71. Koopmann-Holm, B., Sze, J., Jinpa, T., & Tsai, J. L. (2020). Compassion meditation increases optimism towards a transgressor. Cognition and Emotion, 34(5), 1028–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1703648
  72. Krok, D., & Zarzycka, B. (2021). Interpersonal forgiveness and meaning in life in older adults: The mediating and moderating roles of the religious meaning system. Religions, 12(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010037
  73. Kupferberg, A., & Hasler, G. (2023). The social cost of depression: Investigating the impact of impaired social emotion regulation, social cognition, and interpersonal behavior on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 14, 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100631
  74. Kurniati, N. M. T., Worthington, E. L., Widyarini, N., Citra, A. F., & Dwiwardani, C. (2020). Does forgiving in a collectivistic culture affect only decisions to forgive and not emotions? REACH forgiveness collectivistic in Indonesia. International Journal of Psychology, 55(5), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12648
  75. Lathren, C. R., Rao, S. S., Park, J., & Bluth, K. (2021). Self-compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: A scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01566-5
  76. Lee, W. Y., Lau, M. N., Soh, E. X., Yuen, S. W., Ashari, A., & Radzi, Z. (2023). Validation of the Malay version of Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (MESS-CHAD). BMC Oral Health, 23(1), 1015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03762-w
  77. Li, Q., Guo, J., Chen, Z., Ju, X., Lan, J., & Fang, X. (2024). Reciprocal associations between commitment, forgiveness, and different aspects of marital well‐being among Chinese newlywed couples. Family Process, 63(2), 879–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12909
  78. Liao, S., Liu, Y., & Yuan, B. (2024). The effects of awe on interpersonal forgiveness: The mediating role of small-self. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1336068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336068
  79. Lin, J. J. H., & Hsu, H.-Y. (2022). Investigating the performance of level-specific fit indices in multilevel confirmatory factor analysis with dichotomous indicators: A Monte Carlo study. Behavior Research Methods, 55(8), 4222–4259. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-02014-z
  80. Long, K. N. G., Chen, Y., Potts, M., Hanson, J., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Spiritually motivated self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness, and subsequent health and well-being among middle-aged female nurses: An outcome-wide longitudinal approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 01337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01337
  81. Madadizadeh, F., & Bahariniya, S. (2023). Tutorial on how to calculating content validity of scales in medical research. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management, 31, 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcorm.2023.100315
  82. Major, J. L. L., Wade, N. G., & Brenner, R. E. (2020). Self‐construal and forgiveness revisited: Replication and extension. Counseling and Values, 65(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12136
  83. Masaryková, M., Záhorcová, L., & Dršťáková, Ž. (2022). Qualitative analysis of psychologists’ views of forgiveness in counseling and therapy. The Qualitative Report, 27(7), 1264–1286. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5377
  84. McCauley, T. G., Billingsley, J., & McCullough, M. E. (2022). An evolutionary psychology view of forgiveness: Individuals, groups, and culture. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.021
  85. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
  86. McCullough, M. E., Root, L. M., & Cohen, A. D. (2006). Writing about the benefits of an interpersonal transgression facilitates forgiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.887
  87. Mollaoğlu, M., & Boy, Y. (2024). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Palliative Nursing Care Quality Scale. Palliative and Supportive Care, 22(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951522001742
  88. Mróz, J., & Kaleta, K. (2023). Forgive, let go, and stay well! The relationship between forgiveness and physical and mental health in women and men: The mediating role of self-consciousness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(13), 6229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136229
  89. Mullen, L. M., Bistany, B. R., Kim, J. J., Joseph, R. A., Akers, S. W., Harvey, J. R., & Houghton, A. (2023). Facilitation of forgiveness. Holistic Nursing Practice, 37(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000559
  90. Nashori, F., Iskandar, T. Z., Setiono, K., Siswadi, A. G. P., & Andriansyah, Y. (2020). Religiosity, interpersonal attachment, and forgiveness among the Javanese population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1646233
  91. Niemiec, R. M. (2023). Mental health and character strengths: The dual role of boosting well-being and reducing suffering. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 27(4), 294–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-01-2023-0012
  92. Nouri, F. L., Lotfali, S., Sahranavard, S., Amiri, F., Fatideh, Z. A., & Fatideh, N. A. (2021). Measuring forgiveness among Iranian adolescents: Evaluation of psychometric properties of Persian version of transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1968–1978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0135-5
  93. Núñez-López, I., Cid-Expósito, M.-G., Abalo, R., Serrano-Gutiérrez, A., Jiménez-Fernández, L., & Collados-Gómez, L. (2024). Content validity of the Spanish adaptation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile revised. Pain Management Nursing, 25(1), e50–e57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2023.06.012
  94. Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., Parihar, P., & Rai, P. K. (2023). The relationship between self-forgiveness and human flourishing: Inferring the underlying psychological mechanisms. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 51(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2020.132649
  95. Paula da Silva, M., & Bachkirov, A. A. (2023). Social inclusion through synergy of kindness, forgiveness, and peaceableness: A conceptual proposition. Journal of Moral Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2023.2236315
  96. Praptomojati, A., & Subandi, M. A. (2020). Forgiveness therapy for adult inmate in Indonesian correctional facility: A pilot study. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 31(3), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2020.1751869
  97. Quintana-Orts, C., Rey, L., & Neto, F. (2022). Beyond cyberbullying: Investigating when and how cybervictimization predicts suicidal ideation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520913640
  98. Radulovic, A. B., Thomas, G., Epitropaki, O., & Legood, A. (2019). Forgiveness in leader–member exchange relationships: Mediating and moderating mechanisms. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(3), 498–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12274
  99. Rahayu, W., Putra, M. D. K., Faturochman, Meiliasari, Sulaeman, E., & Koul, R. B. (2022). Development and validation of Online Classroom Learning Environment Inventory (OCLEI): The case of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning Environments Research, 25(1), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-021-09352-3
  100. Rahman, A. A., Arisanti, E. V., Prahastuti, N. F., & Djamal, N. N. (2019). Forgiveness as a mediator on the effect of self-compassion on the ego depletion. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v4i2.3814
  101. Recoder, S., Gámiz, M., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., & Fernández-Capo, M. (2021). Decisional forgiveness across Spanish and American samples: Translation, validation, and measurement invariance of the decision to forgive scale. Current Psychology, 40(8), 4125–4135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00368-w
  102. Rodrigues, G. A., Obeldobel, C. A., Kochendorfer, L. B., Brumariu, L. E., Fareri, D. S., & Kerns, K. A. (2024). Parent-child attachment security and depressive symptoms in early adolescence: The mediating roles of gratitude and forgiveness. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 55(1), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01394-9
  103. Ruch, W., Gander, F., Wagner, L., & Giuliani, F. (2021). The structure of character: On the relationships between character strengths and virtues. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1689418
  104. Russell, L. (2020). The who, the what, and the how of forgiveness. Philosophy Compass, 15(3), e12656. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12656
  105. Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-001-1011-6
  106. Satici, B. (2020). Exploring the relationship between coping humor and subjective happiness: Belongingness and forgiveness as serial mediators. Health Psychology Report, 8(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2020.97329
  107. Schönherr, J. (2024). Forgiveness: Overcoming versus forswearing blame. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 41(1), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/japp.12673
  108. Schumann, K., & Walton, G. M. (2022). Rehumanizing the self after victimization: The roles of forgiveness versus revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(3), 469–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000367
  109. Shandiz, J. H., Moghaddam, H. M., Wolffsohn, J. S., & Karimpour, M. (2023). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Persian version of the low-vision quality-of-life questionnaire. British Journal of Visual Impairment. https://doi.org/10.1177/02646196231154473
  110. Shi, D., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Lee, T. (2022). Evaluating SEM Model Fit with small degrees of freedom. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 57(2–3), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2020.1868965
  111. Sirotiak, Z., Thomas, E. B. K., Wade, N. G., & Brellenthin, A. G. (2024). Associations between forgiveness and physical and mental health in the context of long COVID. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 178, 111612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111612
  112. Skalski-Bednarz, S. B., & Toussaint, L. L. (2024). A relational model of state of forgiveness and spirituality and their influence on well-being: A two-wave longitudinal study of women with a sexual assault history. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000526
  113. Smallen, D. (2019). Practicing forgiveness: A framework for a routine forgiveness practice. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 6(4), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000197
  114. Sovey, S., Osman, K., & Mohd-Matore, M. E. E. (2022). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for disposition levels of computational thinking instrument among secondary school students. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(2), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.2.639
  115. Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2023). Unrestricted factor analysis: A powerful alternative to confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(1), 86–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00888-1
  116. Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
  117. Strelan, P., Van Prooijen, J., & Gollwitzer, M. (2020). When transgressors intend to cause harm: The empowering effects of revenge and forgiveness on victim well‐being. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(2), 447–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12357
  118. Tao, L., Ji, M., Zhu, T., Fu, H., & Sun, R. (2020). A pilot study for forgiveness intervention in adolescents with high trait anger: Enhancing empathy and harmony. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 569134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569134
  119. Tessy, N. R. B., Setiasih, S., & Nanik, N. (2022). Forgiveness, gratitude, and the flourishing of emerging adults with divorced parents. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 7(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v7i1.10606
  120. Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2002). Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/t00957-000
  121. Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
  122. Tittler, M. V., & Wade, N. G. (2019). Forgiveness interventions from a multicultural perspective: Potential applications and concerns. In Theoretical approaches to multi-cultural positive psychological interventions (pp. 179–199). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20583-6_8
  123. Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Parihar, P., & Rai, P. K. (2023). Self-forgiveness and human flourishing: Understanding the mediating role of self-esteem. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 26(5), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2023.2238642
  124. Toussaint, L., Luskin, F., Aberman, R., & DeLorenzo, A. (2019). Is forgiveness one of the secrets to success? Considering the costs of workplace disharmony and the benefits of teaching employees to forgive. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(7), 1090–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119866957e
  125. Trpkovici, M., Pálvölgyi, Á., Makai, A., Prémusz, V., & Ács, P. (2023). Athlete anxiety questionnaire: The development and validation of a new questionnaire for assessing the anxiety, concentration and self-confidence of athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1306188. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1306188
  126. Twardawski, M., Blanke, T., & Gollwitzer, M. (2023). Receiving forgiveness in the presence of an attentive audience. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 7(1–2), 79–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743603.2023.2224525
  127. van Monsjou, E., Struthers, C. W., Fergus, K., & Muise, A. (2023). Examining the lived experience of holding grudges. Qualitative Psychology, 10(1), 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000205
  128. Velez, G., & Idrobo, F. (2024). From forgiveness and reconciliation to social capital and psychosocial well‐being: An evaluation of a multisite intervention in Colombia. European Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.3033
  129. Vyas, M., & Vyas, R. (2023). How do we rage against the dying of the light? A trans-generational exploration of character strengths. Mental Health and Social Inclusion. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-06-2023-0072
  130. Wallwey, C., & Kajfez, R. L. (2023). Quantitative research artifacts as qualitative data collection techniques in a mixed methods research study. Methods in Psychology, 8, 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2023.100115
  131. Wang, W., Liu, S., Worthington, E. L., & Li, H. (2022). The validation of the decisional and emotional forgiveness scale among a Chinese sample: The mediating role of forgiveness between stress perception and resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316267
  132. Warsah, I. (2020). Forgiveness viewed from positive psychology and Islam. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 3(2), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v3i2.878
  133. Wenzel, M., Harous, C., Cibich, M., & Woodyatt, L. (2023). Does victims’ forgiveness help offenders to forgive themselves? The role of meta-perceptions of value consensus. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 105, 104433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104433
  134. Witvliet, C. V. O., Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Root Luna, L., Van Tongeren, D. R., Berry, J. W., & Tsang, J.-A. (2020). Apology and restitution: Offender accountability responses influence victim empathy and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 48(2), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647120915181
  135. Wong, F. M. F., Wong, A., & Leung, W. K. (2024). Validating an assessment tool for oral health and oral care procedures performed by healthcare workers for older residents in long-term care institutions. Healthcare, 12(5), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050558
  136. Worthington, E. L., & van Zyl, L. E. (2021). The future of evidence-based temperance interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 707598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707598
  137. Wu, Q., Chi, P., Lin, X., Du, H., Zhou, N., Cao, H., & Liang, Y. (2022). Gratitude and satisfaction in romantic relationships: Roles of decisional forgiveness and emotional forgiveness. Current Psychology, 41(5), 2668–2676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00780-7
  138. Ye, Y., Tong, Z., Li, C., Gao, X., Sun, Y., Xu, J., Xu, Q., & Song, C. (2022). Social support as a mediator of the relationship between forgiveness and post-traumatic growth in hemodialysis patients: A structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 974045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.974045
  139. Záhorcová, L., & Dočkal, V. (2022). Slovak validation of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Inventory (TRIM-18). Studia Psychologica, 64(4), 390–404. https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2022.04.861
  140. Záhorcová, L., Dršťáková, Ž., & Masaryková, M. (2023). Forgiveness, its factors, and unforgivable acts in romantic relationships: A mixed‐methods study. Personal Relationships, 30(2), 471–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12471
  141. Zhang, L., Lu, J., Li, B., Wang, X., & Shangguan, C. (2020). Gender differences in the mediating effects of emotion-regulation strategies: Forgiveness and depression among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110094
  142. Zhou, X. (2020). Managing psychological distress in children and adolescents following the COVID-19 epidemic: A cooperative approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S76–S78. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000754
  143. Zhou, Y., Zhao, L., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). Influence of ego depletion on individual forgiveness in different interpersonal offense situations. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 631466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631466
  144. Zickar, M. J., & Keith, M. G. (2023). Innovations in sampling: Improving the appropriateness and quality of samples in organizational research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-052946

Open Access Copyright (c) 2024 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl. Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Kampus III, Tambakaji Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Central Java - Indonesia
website: fpk.walisongo.ac.id

 
Visitor Statistics
apps