Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University - Indonesia
Reinventing jihad’s meaning: A discourse on jihad among salafist figures in Indonesia
The jihad discourse can never be separated from the Islamic intellectual tradition. This doctrine partly causes negative views of Islam. Because Islam has a doctrine of jihad, quite a few people think that Islam is closely related to violence. This study aims to examine one group that is often considered to be closely linked to violence in Indonesia, namely the Salafi group. Several Salafi figures have even received much rejection in various regions, plus there is a simplistic perception of Salafi groups, which varies. Methodologically, this study uses a type of qualitative research where data is obtained through observation of the social media channels of three Salafi figures related to discussing the topic of jihad, namely Syafiq Riza Basalamah, Khalid Basalamah, and Firanda Andirja. All three are Salafi figures with authority and influence, especially on social media. This study shows that they are trying to cleanse the meaning of jihad. This is proven by their opposing position to acts of violence in the name of jihad. However, they do not deny that jihad is synonymous with war. They are just trying to ensure that jihad does not always mean war. This effort is a step in reinventing the pejorative meaning of jihad. This also provides clarification that not all Salafis support acts of violence as understood so far. This study implies that new media can build new discourse about the identity of splinter groups (Salafi) in the public sphere.
*****
Diskursus jihad tidak pernah bisa dilepaskan dari tradisi intelektual Islam. Pandangan-pandangan negatif terhadap Islam di antaranya disebabkan oleh doktrin ini. Sebab Islam memiliki doktrin jihad, tidak sedikit pihak yang menganggap Islam lekat kaitannya dengan kekerasan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji salah satu kelompok yang kerap dianggap lekat dengan kekerasan di Indonesia, yaitu kelompok Salafi. Beberapa figur Salafi bahkan banyak mendapat penolakan di berbagai daerah, ditambah terdapat persepsi yang simplistis terhadap kelompok Salafi yang sejatinya bervariasi. Secara metodologis, studi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dimana data diperoleh melalui observasi terhadap saluran media sosial tiga figur Salafi terkait pembahasan topik jihad, yaitu Syafiq Riza Basalamah, Khalid Basalamah, dan Firanda Andirja. Ketiganya merupakan figur Salafi yang mempunyai otoritas dan pengaruh, utamanya di media sosial. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa mereka melakukan upaya pembersihan terhadap makna jihad. Ini dibuktikan dengan posisi kontra mereka terhadap aksi kekerasan yang mengatasnamakan jihad. Kendati demikian, mereka tidak membantah bahwa jihad identik dengan perang. Mereka hanya mencoba agar jihad tidak senantiasa berarti perang. Upaya ini merupakan langkah menemukan kembali (reinventing) makna jihad dari yang peyoratif. Ini sekaligus memberikan klarifikasi bahwa tidak semua Salafi mendukung aksi-aksi kekerasan sebagaimana dipahami selama ini. Studi ini mengimplikasikan bahwa new media dapat menjadi sarana untuk membangun diskursus baru tentang identitas kelompok sempalan (salafi) di ruang publik.
Keywords: jihad; violence; salafist; Indonesia
- Abdulla, R. A. (2007). Islam, jihad, and terrorism in post-9/11 Arabic discussion boards. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12, 1063–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00363.x.
- Adib, A. M. (2023). Salafi influencer on social media: Analytical study of the discourse of neo-salafi preacher. Living Islam, 6 (2), 177–98.
- Aidulsyah, F. (2023). The rise of urban Salafism in Indonesia: The social-media and pop culture of new Indonesian Islamic youth. Asian Journal of Social Science, 51 (4), 252–59.
- Al-Qaradhawi, Y. (2009). Fiqh al-jihad: Dirasat Muqaranat li al-ahkam wa falsafati fi dhawi Al-Qur’an Al-Karim. Maktabah Wahbah.
- Bano, M. (2021). Salafi social and political movement: national and transnational contexts. Edinburgh University Press.
- Bennet, C., & Kunkel, G. (2004). The concept of violence, war, and jihad in Islam. Dialogue and Alliance, 18 (1), 31–51.
- Blanc, T., & Roy, O. (2021). Salafism: Challenged by radicalization? Violence, politics, and the advent of post-salafism. European University Institute.
- Bonner, M. (2006). Jihad in Islamic history. Princeton University Press.
- Cianflone, M., Cull, J., Fisher, J., Holt, D., Krause, A., Moore, J., Wadhwani, A., & Yancey, J. (2007). Anatomy of a terrorist attack: An in-depth investigation into the 2002 Bali, Indonesia, Bombings, 14. Pennsylvania.
- Cui, S., & Glinert, J. (2016). Jihadi-Salafi ideology: The suspension of dialectic and radicalization of thought.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia), 10 (4), 101–20.
- DetikSulsel. (2022). Gencar warga NU di Wajo tolak ceramah Ustaz Firanda karena tudingan radikal. Detisulses. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.detik.com/sulsel/berita/d-6001602/gencar-warga-nu-di-wajo-tolak-ceramah-ustaz-firanda-karena-tudingan-radikal/amp.
- Eris, I. (2000). The Dar al-Islam and the Dar al-Harb. University of Texas.
- Esposito, J, L, (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press.
- Fadhilah, R. (December 15, 2019). Aturan Jihad di peperangan yang perlu umat muslim ketahui - Ust. Khalid Basalamah [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hamzhysgopc&t=134s.
- Ghazi, M.A. (2008). The law of war and concept of jihad in Islam. Policy Perspectives, 5 (1) 69–86.
- Gould, M. (2005). Understanding jihad.” Policy Review, 29 (1), 15–32.
- Hasan, N. (2006). Laskar jihad, Islam, militancy, and the quest for identity in post-new order Indonesia. Cornell University.
- ------. (2022). Salafism, education, and youth: Saudi Arabia’s campaign for Wahhabism in Indonesia.” In Wahhabism and the world: Understanding Saudi Arabia’s global influence on Islam, edited by Peter Mandaville, 135–57. Oxford University Press,
- ------. (2020). Salafism, knowledge production, and religious education in Indonesia. In The new santri: Challenges to traditional religious authority in Indonesia, 131–50. ISEAS Publishing.
- ------. (2018). Salafism in Indonesia: Transnational Islam, violent activism, and culture resistance. In Routdledge handbook of contemporary Indonesia, edited by Robert W. Hefner, 246–56. Routledge.
- ------. (2010). The failure of the Wahhabi campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi madrasa in post-9/11 Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 18 (4), 675–705.
- ------. (2007). The Salafi movement in Indonesia. Comparative Studies of South Asia Africa and the Middle East, 27 (1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-045.
- Hillenbrand, C. (2015). A short history of jihad.” In Twenty-first century jihad: Law, society and military action, 25–42. I.B Tauris.
- Hwang, J. C. (2012). Terrorism in perspective: An assessment of ‘jihad project’ trends in Indonesia. 14.
- Ibn Rusyd. (n.d.). Bidayah al-mujtahid wa nihayah al-muqatashid. Darl al-Fikr.
- IBS Channel. (April 10, 2021). Mengupas isu terorisme bersama PTIK Perguruan Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian – Ustadz Firanda Andirja [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ic9hExPSOo&t=68s.
- Jalan Hijrahqu Channel. (September 25, 2020). Makna jihad. Ustadz Khalid Basalamah [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DFXu3noi_I&t=43s.
- Kajian Muslim. (June 8, 2018). Terrorism. fahami jihad menurut hukum Allah – Ustad Khalid Basalamah [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhYz1tIdKpA&t=82s.
- Kamali, M. H. (2002). Issues in the understanding of jihād and ijtihād. Islamic Studies, 41 (4), 617–34.
- Khalid Basalamah Official. (2021). [KHB VIDGRAM] Bersikap moderat dalam memahami jihad [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/shorts/ln3_7T3aYk4?si=8C5aJK2IlIOW96vS.
- ------. (2019). [KHB VIDGRAM] Jihad yang salah? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/shorts/8K1RlqUdzGU?si=6dUJMu7vqLapbRlI.
- Khomaini, M. I. (2017). Beyond the extremism of radical Muslim groups: A socio-historical study. Dinika: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 2 (1), 49–68.
- Knapp, M.G. (2003). The concept and practice of jihad in Islam.
- Latif, A., & Munir, H. S. (2014). Terrorism and jihad, an Islamic perspective. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 2 (1), 69–80.
- Lentara Cahaya Sunnah. (December 20, 2020). Nasehat tentang jihad yang sesungguhnya – Ustadz Dr Syafiq Riza Basalamah M.A [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX1IUJtporA&t=137s.
- Makruf, J., & Asrori, S. (2022). In the making of Salafi-based Islamic Schools in Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 60 (1), 227–64.
- Martinez, P. (2003). Deconstructing jihad. In Workshop on ’after Bali: The threat of terrorism in Southeast Asia, 1–9. Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University.
- Mostfa, A. (2021). Violence and jihad in Islam: From the war of words to the clashes of definitions. Religions, 966 (12), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110966.
- Muthohirin, N., & Kamaludin, M. (2022). Salafi madrasas: Ideology, transformation, and implication for multiculturalism in Indonesia.” Fikrah: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah dan Studi Keagamaan, 18 (1), 81–100.
- Muthuswamy, M. S. (2021). Does Sharia act as both a mediator and moderator in Salafi radicalism? Cogent Social Sciences, pp. 8, 1–22.
- Muttaqin, A. (2020). Women 's identity in the digital Islam age: Social media, new religious authority, and gender bias. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies (QIJIS), 8 (2), 353–88. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7095.
- Parrot, J. (2020). Jihad in Islam: Just-war theory in the Quran and Sunnah. Yaqeen Institute of Islamic Research.
- Porter, JMB. (2020). Osama Bin-Laden, jihad, and the sources of international terrorism. Ind. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev, pp. 13, 871–85.
- Romadhoni, B. A. (2022). Heboh! Ustaz Syafiq Riza Basalamah ditolak ceramah di grobogan oleh GP Ansor, warganet: Alasannya apa? Suarajawatengah.id. https://www.google.com/amp/s/jateng.suara.com/amp/read/2022/03/12/082854/heboh-ustaz-syafiq-riza-basalamah-ditolak-ceramah-di-grobogan-oleh-gp-ansor-warganet-alasannya-apa.
- Rusli. (2014). Indonesian Salafism on jihād and suicide bombing. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 8 (1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS/.2014.8.1.91-111.
- Sorgenfrei, S. (2021). Branding Salafism: Salafi missionaries as social media influencers. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 34 (3), 211–37.
- Sugihartati, R., Suryanto, B., & Hidayat, M.A. (2020). Channelization Strategies of radicalism among Muslim university students in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14 (2), 3090334. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS/2020.14.2.309-334.
- Sunaryanto., Rizal, S., & Mulyono, E. (2023). Reading the ideology of Salafi da’wah: Media technology perspective. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 23 (1), 21–46. https://doi.org/10.24042/ ajsk.v23i1.14466.
- Syafiq Riza Basalamah Official. (December 19, 2018). Kajian Al Wajiz: Kitab al jihad – Ustadz DR Syafiq Riza Basalamah MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f42AsN9d05E&t=14s.
- ------. (January 16, 2019). Kajian Al Wajiz: Hukum jihad – Ustadz DR Syafiq Riza Basalamah MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PazEMcin8nA&t=7s.
- ------. (March 12, 2022). Fikih sirah nabawiyah : Pensyariatan jihad – Ustadz Dr Syafiq Riza Basalamah MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XarIxIVWXPQ&t=846s.
- ------. (May 28, 2018). Kenapa ada ayat perang dalam Al-Qur’an – Ustadz Dr. Syafiq Riza Basalamah MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7KAgVe6DSw&t=23s.
- ------. (June 6, 2018). Untuk apa ada perang – Ustadz Dr. Syafiq Riza Basalamah MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9duGrP0m00&t=10s.
- Tahir, U. S. (2017). The concept of jihad in Islamic Texts: An analytical study of violence between mainstream scholars and extremists. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 4 (1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.15364/ris17-0401-03.
- Tommy. (June 25, 2018). Apakah Islam disebarkan dengan pedang? Ustadz Khalid Basalamah [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P450XyzxEko&t=34s.
- TVOne. (2023). 3 Momen Ustaz Khalid Basalamah ditolak ceramahnya oleh Banser hingga GP Ansor, mulai dari Sidoarjo hingga Masjid Al Jabbar. Tvonenews.com. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.tvonenews.com/amp/berita/nasional/107876-3-momen-ustaz-khalid-basalamah-ditolak-ceramahnya-oleh-banser-hingga-gp-ansor-mulai-dari-sidoarjo-hingga-masjid-al-jabbar.
- Wiktorowicz, Q. (2006). Anatomy of the Salafi Movement.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29, no. 3 (2006): 207–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500497004.
- ------. “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad.” Middle East Policy 8, no. 4 (2001): 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1475-4967.2001.tb00006.x.
- Yufi.TV – Pengajian & Ceramah Islam. (August 24, 2019). Makna jihad yang benar – Ustadz Syafiq Riza Basalamah, M.A [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vwikiap0ls&t=147s.
- ------. (February 4, 2017). Mutiara hikmah: Jihad tanpa pedang -Ustadz DR Firanda Andirja, MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMAw1XkAeHI&t=43s.
- ------. (August 7, 2018). Jihad dengan harta -Ustadz Dr. Firanda Andirja, MA [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSgvNUbiCWg&t=36s.
- Zaenuri, A., & Yusuf, H. (2019). Salafi’s da’wah and the phenomenon of religious piety among hijrah artists. Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 4 (2), 228–49. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v4i2. 228-249.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.